Indian Journal of Agriculture Engineering (IJAE)
The Indian Journal of Agriculture Engineering (IJAE) has ISSN 2582-9319, an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical half-yearly international journal, which is published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP) in May and November. Authors can electronically submit articles throughout the year using the Article Submission System. Authors can format their article either in (i) a single-column format or (ii) as per the journal template. The submitted articles should not have been previously published or are currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal does not accept brief or short notes for publication. The editors retain the right to reject any articles that lack quality or originality without sending them for review. All articles must fall within the journal’s scope and will undergo a double-anonymized peer-review process. Authors must confirm that they have read and understood the content of their submitted article and ensure that it meets acceptable English grammar and usage standards. To help with the proofreading process, authors can use tools like Grammarly or similar applications. As an open-access journal, authors must pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) to publish their articles and retain copyright. Additionally, authors should familiarise themselves with the editorial and publishing policies of the journal.
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Distribution, Local Use and Conservation Challenges of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.) Moench) in Metekel Zone of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia
Okra is a multifunctional vegetable crop since its edible parts can be used for a variety of purposes and are consumed in large quantities in western Ethiopia. Although it is rich in nutrition and readily available in the local market, it is an underappreciated indigenous vegetable in Ethiopia. Therefore, the study aimed to assess and identify the crop potential distribution, traditional uses, and existing conservation challenges of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in the selected districts of Metekel Zone. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions, based on a semi-structured questionnaire, in the three purposively chosen districts. The respondents were purposively selected indigenous okra farmers and agriculture experts in the districts. The collected data were analysed using SPSS software version 21 and Microsoft Excel 2010. The results revealed that most respondents (46.81%) cultivate okra in their primary field, as an intercrop, and in their homestead. Most of the respondents (68.09%) cultivate okra during the monsoon, while the least of them (14.89%) do so in both seasons. Regarding its local use, all respondents agreed that okra has been used in their community both as a food ingredient in the making of soup and stew, and as a traditional Medicine. In the study areas, immature okra pods and fruit are mainly used for food purposes. 91.49% of the respondents agreed that okra has been used to treat stomach ulcers, followed by improving appetite, for the health and well-being of pregnant women, and treating constipation, with 89.36%, 87.23%, and 81.91% of respondents, respectively. 14.89% of them are using okra to heal a wound/cut on a human. A lack of knowledge among urban dwellers about the crop (68.09%), climate change (48.94%), and lower attention given by concerned government bodies were identified as the main conservation challenges of the crop. Therefore, giving due attention to research and promoting and enhancing the food value improves human nutrition and wellbeing among nearby urban consumers, and secures the conservation and sustainable use of okra in the study areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Melak Agajie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Fertiflow- Emphasises Intelligent Automation and Data Flow in Agriculture
Agriculture, as a critical sector of the Indian economy, is increasingly benefiting from advancements in mobile and cloud-based technologies. This paper presents Fertiflow, a crossplatform agricultural application developed using Flutter and Firebase, designed to modernise the digital infrastructure available to farmers. Fertiflow leverages modern software engineering principles to deliver a modular and scalable solution that connects farmers with essential services, including market pricing, government schemes, agency support, and digital payments. The system architecture comprises key application modules, including Home Screen, Agency Screen, Profile Screen, Login Screen, Payment Screen, and dedicated components for Government MSP integration and Farming Tools access. Built on Firebase’s real-time database and authentication services, the app ensures seamless synchronization, secure user management, and efficient data handling in low-connectivity rural environments. This paper examines the user interface design, component-based architecture, and backend integration strategy of the application, as well as the challenges of delivering reliable performance in resource-constrained settings. Additionally, it discusses the broader implications of Fertiflow in advancing rural digital transformation, highlighting how mobile-first software solutions can bridge the gap between traditional farming practices and emerging digital ecosystems. Fertiflow exemplifies the convergence of mobile computing, cloud services, and agricultural informatics, demonstrating how computer science can directly contribute to socio-economic development in rural sectors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kajal Ghule, Prof. Prajakta Sitap (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Farmingo: A MERN and ML-Integrated Platform for Smart, Community-Driven Agriculture
India’s agricultural sector, while possessing immense potential, faces persistent challenges that have discouraged farmer participation. Limited access to modern resources, inadequate technical knowledge, and unorganized marketplaces have contributed to these issues. A recent NABARD report (2023) reveals that although 58% of farmers are aware of schemes like the Kisan Credit Card, only 28% successfully access them, and over 76% report not receiving the Minimum Support Prices (MSP), often selling their crops at a loss [1]. This study aims to address these challenges through the development of Farmingo, a unified web-based platform designed to empower farmers with intelligent agricultural insights and facilitate community-driven support. Farmingo has been developed using the MERN stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js) and integrates Pythonbased machine learning (ML) models served via Flask APIs. The system provides real-time predictions and recommendations for crop selection and fertiliser application, based on inputs such as soil characteristics, weather patterns, and crop-specific data. Additionally, the platform offers features that enable users to buy, rent, or list farming equipment, as well as share knowledge through lessons, blogs, and videos. To ensure Farmingo’s practical relevance, the platform’s architecture was designed to seamlessly connect the MERN-based frontend with the ML models, enabling a cohesive and user-friendly experience. Field implementation and user feedback suggest that Farmingo fosters improved decisionmaking and encourages the adoption of data-driven farming practices among farmers. Unlike existing agri-tech solutions that typically focus on specific aspects of farming, Farmingo adopts a holistic approach by integrating intelligent decision support with a collaborative social environment. This integration aims to bridge knowledge gaps and promote equitable access to resources within India’s agricultural ecosystem. The paper elaborates on the system design, implementation of machine learning (ML) algorithms, and real-world use cases encountered during pilot testing. It also outlines future directions for Farmingo, including the incorporation of crop disease detection modules, enhanced visibility of government schemes, and continuous updates to the dataset to improve region-specific agricultural intelligence. The findings of this research highlight the transformative potential of combining technology and community-driven support to bolster India’s agricultural sector.
MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js)
Flask API (Application Programming Interface)
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Antim Dev Mishra, Khushbu Jha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Precision Agriculture: ML and DL-Based Detection and Classification of Agricultural Pests
Precision agriculture has become a vital strategy in modern farming, leveraging advanced technologies to enhance crop productivity and sustainability. One critical aspect of precision agriculture is the timely and accurate detection and classification of agricultural pests, which significantly impact crop health and yield. This study examines the application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), for detecting and classifying agricultural pests. This research presents a comprehensive approach that utilizes CNN-based models to identify and categorize various pest species from images captured of farm fields. The methodology involves collecting and annotating a diverse dataset comprising images of multiple pest species and non-pest objects to ensure robust model training and validation. The CNN architecture is designed to extract intricate features from the images, enabling the model to differentiate between pest and non-pest instances effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashphak P. Khan, Prerana M. Jangid, Rajshri S. Patel, Kirti R. Girase, Namrata M. Patel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effects of Fertilizer Rates on Growth, Yield and Yield Compononents of Maize [Zea Mays l.] at Taba Kebele, in Woliyta Zone, Southern Ethiopa
This study was determining an optimum rate of Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer rates for maximum maize production. The experiment had two factor: levels of N (0, 46, 92, and 138, kg/ ha-1) and levels of P (0, 23, 46, and 69kg ha1 ) arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Agronomic traits siliking, tasseling, LA, LAI, Eear, length, plant height, above ground biomass, TSW, Grain yield highly significantly varied due to Nitrogen, phosphorous and their interaction. The highest grain yield (5840 kg/ ha-1) and highest harvest index (42.87%) were obtained from application of 138 kg Nitrogen ha-1 with 46 kg/ ha-1 phosphorous. The results of the economic analysis showed that the net benefit (211065 birr) and maximum net return (1886 %) was obtained due to the application of 138 kg Nitrogen ha-1with 46 kg phosphorous ha-1. The maximum grain yield (5840. 67 kg/ha-1) was obtained due to highest level of N (138 kg N/ha) and 46 kg P/ha. the performance of the study depicted that an application of 138 kg Nitrogen ha1 with 46 kg phosphorous ha1 enhanced yield of maize with acceptable economic benefit. However, the experiment was carried out only in one location for one cropping season, so further studies at different locations for several seasons is needed to recommend agronomical optimum and economically feasible levels of Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mesay Paulos, Girum Faris (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From Deforestation to Reforestation: Unveiling the Green World of Richard Powers' the Overstory
This paper examines how Richard Powers’ The Overstory portrays deforestation not just as an environmental crisis but as a crisis of human identity and ethics. Further the study aims to approach the role of forests, the impact of human activities, and the importance of addressing deforestation and promoting reforestation and afforestation through the lens of the green world ‘Richard Powers' The Overstory’ [1]. Deforestation refers to the clearing or removal of forests, typically to make way for agricultural activities, urban development, or logging. This practice leads to the loss of forested areas and the degradation of ecosystems. In contrast, reforestation is the process of replanting trees to restore forest areas that were previously deforested, while afforestation involves planting trees on land that was not previously forested. Both practices aim to rehabilitate ecosystems, restore biodiversity, and enhance environmental conditions. Powers’ The Overstory is a compelling novel that intricately intertwines the lives of nine characters from diverse backgrounds in America with the natural world, particularly their emotional connections with trees. As the story unfolds, these characters encounter various environmental challenges, including deforestation. Their experiences and the impact of these challenges lead them to commit themselves to protecting and restoring nature, with a focus on forests and trees. Their journeys reflect a broader engagement with ecological preservation and activism. To note, this novel strives to devise solutions to the crisis of deforestation in the age of the Anthropocene through various characters from all walks of life. Despite winning the Pulitzer Prize and being shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 2018, as well as receiving acclaim from critics as 'the eco-epic of the year', the novel presents an exciting opportunity for further scholarly exploration, particularly regarding its innovative contributions to eco critical narratives and knowledge production. By framing the story around the critical issue of deforestation, Powers not only underscores the profound interconnection between humans and nature but also uses this framework to explore broader themes of environmental stewardship and awareness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ragavi A., Dr. Sangeetha S. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Review of Decorticators for Various Industrial Crops: Design, Working Principle, and Parameters Affecting the Efficiency
Traditional knowledge in India is plenty, but its reporting for knowledge sharing is needed. A decorticator is a machine traditionally used to augment local farmers' needs. Decortication is the phenomenon of discarding the seed pods or casing and separating the seed pod or enclosure from the seed or kernel. Many developments in the decorticators have happened in the last one or two decades. They are either manually operated or power-driven. Few of the developed technologies are available in the Indian market. One of the drawbacks of these machines is their adaptability to different seeds or fruits. Efforts are made to increase the efficiency of the decorticators by reducing the drudgery and hazards. The economic aspect of the design and developments have also been looked into. Decorticator machines are available for groundnut, jatropha, nutmeg, sal, apricot, hemp, tamarind, mango stone, mahua, tung, chironji, castor, sunflower, etc. The principle of operation of all the developed decorticators is different, like the type of forces used for the removal of the seed coat. The working principle of each developed machine is highlighted in this review. The efficiency of the decorticator is dependent on many factors such as crop maturity stage, shape and size of seeds, moisture content, etc. Also, various machine parameters like feed rate, operating speed, clearance, operator’s experience, and skill will affect the efficiency of decorticators. A critical review is made to understand all the mentioned factors and their influence on decorticator efficiency. Agricultural scientists will highly benefit from this compiled review work and it will be helpful in the design and development of decorticators for any specific seeds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Tarak Chandra Panda, Dr. Mahipal Singh Tomar, Venkatraman Bansode, Dr. Madhuresh Dwivedi, Dr. Rama Chandra Pradhan, Dr. Dibyakanta Seth (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Characterization of Pearl Millet (Pennisetumglaucum (L.) R. Br) Selected Accessions for Agronomic Traits at Kashafi in Menge Woreda, Assosa, Ethiopia
Characterization and agronomic evaluation of genetic resources is imperative and a prerequisite to identify traitspecific germplasm for crop improvement in maximization of crop yield. Twenty-one pearl millet accessions were collected from five geographical areas using passport data. Morphological characterization results depicted the presence of sufficient morphological traits variability among the genotypes. AGM3, AGM7 and AGM11 accessions had relatively higher yield. High heritability coupled with higher genetic advance as percentage of mean were recorded for days to maturity, stem girth, ear head length, flag leaf area, leaf per plant, TSW and grain yield whereas inter node length showed moderate heritability combined with high GAM indicated that additive gene action on the expression of these characters which revealed an effective selection of desirable genotypes. Days to maturity, leaf per plant, stem girth, tiller number and TSW were significantly positively correlated whereas leaf area and panicle length were significantly negatively associated with grain yield. As this investigation revealed that pearl millet materials had a wide range of variability and favorable mean performance for the traits studied that could be exploited as potential hybrids aimed for simultaneous improvement of grain yield and other yield related traits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mesay Paulos, Bekele Kindie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Crop Advisor: Intelligent Crop Recommendation System
Agriculture has long been a cornerstone of the Indian economy, crucial in sustaining livelihoods and contributing to national growth. By 2024, the sector will contribute approximately 18-20% of India's GDP and employ nearly half of the population. It also ensures food security for over 1.4 billion people. However, crop yields per hectare continue to lag international standards, which has been a significant factor contributing to the rising suicide rates among farmers. This paper proposes a machine learning-based Crop Regulating System to assist farmers. The system takes inputs such as historical and current yield data, weather conditions, soil quality and fertiliser usage from farmers and predicts weather impact, rainfall, and disease effect to predict crop yield before sowing. Also, the system takes inputs such as current market data, sowed land, market import/export data, historical retail data, and consumer data for market demand analysis. Machine learning algorithms analyze this data to predict the market demand and the yield for a chosen crop. After that machine learning algorithms like Regression Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to provide Decision support to Farmers. Regression models like Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Random Forests (RF), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and classification models like K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) are utilized for Crop Yield Prediction. Time series models such as AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), and Genetics Algorithms (GAs) are used for Market Demand Analysis.
Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average
Copyright (c) 2025 Viraj Nalawade, Bhagyashree Kadam, Chetan Jadhav, Gaurav Pabale, Pradeep Kokane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Using Biodegradability of Sewage in Ordinary Pit Latrines to Assess their Agricultural Potentials
Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics
Copyright (c) 2025 F.I. Ugwu, J.C. Agunwamba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sustainability of Rice Wheat Cropping System in India
India's rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), responsible for 40% of the nation's food grain production, has been a successful contributor to food security. However, despite nearly half of India's populationrelying directly or indirectly on agriculture, and agriculture itself contributing 18% to the country's economy, challenges loom large. One pressing issue is the Russia-Ukraine conflict, disrupting grain and fertilizer supplies, causing fertilizer prices to surge, and adding to the burden of already debt-ridden farmers. This crisis highlights the vulnerability of an agricultural system heavily reliant on external factors. Moreover, the RWCS faces environmental threats. Depleting groundwater levels from over-irrigation and excessive chemical use pose long-term risks. The use of chemicals, in response to diminishing soil health, leads to the harmful effects of biomagnification and eutrophication, disrupting food webs and chains, and impacting both ecosystems and human health [5] [7]. A shift toward sustainable and diversified agriculture is imperative to secure the future. Investing in modern farming practices, promoting organic farming, and encouraging crop rotation can help reduce the system's environmental toll. Additionally, improving access to credit and insurance for farmers canease their financial burdens and ensure their livelihoods. In the face of these challenges, India must consider long-term sustainability to safeguard its food security, environment, and the well-being of itsagricultural workforce.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shubham Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effects of Rice Husk Ash Addition on the Refractory Properties of Owo Clay
This research investigates the effect of rice husk ash (RHA) addition on the refractory properties of Owo clay. The clay is blended with RHA in increments of 5% for each experimental run. The blended material undergoes exposure to temperatures ranging from normal crucible liner conditions to 1200° C, followed by characterization for shrinkage, porosity, density, water absorption, and modulus of rupture. Results indicate that total shrinkage increases with RHA content throughout the experimental phase but stability was observed at 10% RHA. Porosity decreases with increasing RHA content, with the 10% RHA blend showing the most consistent decrease. RHA enhances compressive strength, reaching a peak of 24 N/mm² for 5% RHA at 1200°C, and a minimum of 10 N/mm² for 5% RHA at 900°C. Bulk density increases with decreasing porosity as temperature rises. Overall, the 90%-10% Owo clay-RHA Clay blend demonstrates the most suitable properties for industrial applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tobias Makuochukwu Onyia, Dr. Ndubuisi Edennaya Idenyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
On-farm Evaluation and Selection of Manually Operated Honey Extractor
In the study area, honey is extracted using traditional methods, which leads the product to degradation in nutritional quality and quantity. As a result of this, honey extracted traditionally does not meet international market standards; to minimize this problem several honey extractors are available, but the problem of cost, maintenance place, and durability were the main issues for the farmers. Therefore, the main objective of this research work is to collect and evaluate the performance of available honey extractors and to select a better-performed model. Data like time of extraction (min), mass of honeycomb before and after extraction (kg), and mass of extracted Honey (kg) were collected. Losses (kg), Extraction efficiency (%), and Extraction capacity (kg/hr) were calculated. Simple descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Accordingly, the mean extraction capacity was 68.28, 62.88, and 56.76 kg/hr, and the mean extraction efficiency was 71.39, 65.83 and 60.31 % for the Imported, Jimma Agricultural Engineering Research Center and Fadis Agricultural Research Center models, respectively. As depicted from the results all extractors have good performance. However, the Jimma Agricultural Engineering Research Center model will be recommended for small-scale holders based on its price, maintenance availability, spare parts, simplicity, and durability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bayissa Tarecha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Design and Fabrication of a Tractor- Drawn Multi-Crop Planter
The study was undertaken to design, fabricate multi-crop planter capable of planting maize, common bean and sorghum seeds at predetermined spacing and depths. Physical properties of seeds involved in the study were investigated to optimize the design of the planter’s components. The planter, consists of a frame, seed hopper, seed metering devices, seed tube, adjustable furrow opener, adjustable furrow covering device, and drive wheels. The investigation revealed that the sphericity of maize, common bean and sorghum were 64.8, 72.4 and 81%, respectively. Percentages of mechanically seed damaged by the planter were zero for each crops. Germination test was conducted to assess the magnitude and extent of invisible seed damage inflicted by the planter indicated mean percentage seed germination of 98.5, 94.5 and 97.3% for maize, common bean, and sorghum, respectively. The reduction in percentage germination of maize, common bean and sorghum were zero, when compared with that did not passes through the machine for all the seeds tested. Based on the above results, it is concluded that the planter can be efficiently and effectively used by the majority of the farmers and other stakeholders in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bedasa Waldaho, Gutu Getahun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Progressions in Agriculture and Farming Practices: Indispensable in leading to Up-gradations of Rural Communities
Within rural communities, individuals are contributing efficiently in promoting better livelihoods opportunities. The participation of the individuals in agriculture and farming practices is regarded as one of the primary occupations of the individuals, belonging to rural communities. The agricultural labourers and farmers are making use of traditional methods and procedures in doing their jobs. Furthermore, there are agricultural labourers and farmers who are making use of modern, scientific and innovative methods and procedures. These are regarded as essential in leading to an increase in productivity and profitability. Furthermore, it is vital for individuals to hone their competencies, abilities and aptitude. They need to generate information in terms of various factors, which are facilitating in generating desired outcomes. These include, marketing strategies, labour market factors, customer demands and so forth. As a consequence of being well-aware in terms of all these factors, individuals will be well-prepared in carrying out all types of tasks and activities in an adequate manner. In this manner, they will contribute efficiently in leading to up-gradations of overall living conditions. Therefore, it is well-understood, progressions in agriculture and farming practices are indispensable in leading to up-gradations of rural communities. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, understanding the importance of progressions in agriculture and farming practices; measures to be implemented in leading to progressions in agriculture and farming practices and measures to be implemented in improving conditions of agricultural labourers and farmers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Radhika Kapur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Agriculture Distress and Farmers’ Suicide in Kerala in the Globalization Era
Liberalization, privatization, and globalization are to blame for Kerala’s rural poverty and farmer suicides. Ineffective state and federal government policies, a lack of coordinated public investment, ongoing flooding, trade manipulation, false seeds and pesticides, a fluctuating price for agricultural products, growing cultivation expenses, an increase in droughts, as well as a loss of biodiversity are all factors that negatively affect agriculture. Though it receives criticism, the opposition to the current administration is strong in states with high rates of farmer suicide. A.R. Vasavi’s Triple Crisis of Agriculture (1999), the widespread use of hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as the inadvertent escalation of farmer debt, are the five primary debates that need to be addressed in order to investigate farmer suicides. As of now, a significant amount of government funding—1,69,6718 crores in 2017–18 and 97,3729 crores in the 12th five-year plan—was allocated to the agriculture sector. However, the state of farming and agrarian hardship has not much improved. However, the rate of agriculturalists’ concern dramatically increased. The price of the cash crop products grown in Kerala—pepper, coffee, and rubber—is significantly impacted by free trade agreements with ASEAN. Farmer’s suicide has a significant relationship with these factors as well as extreme climate change along with, the heavy burden of debt, marginalization of land, etc.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sherin P S, Dr. Haseena V.A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determining the Technical Efficiency of Potato Farms and Influencing Factors in Bamyan Province
Considering the limitation of resources in agriculture, the need to shift the method of higher productivity through increasing inputs into improving the technical efficiency is becoming more important. Since potato production is one of major agricultural activities in Bamyan province which supports the livelihood of the majority of the peasant community and more thane50% of the country’s total potato production is produced here, the province has the most prominent position compared to other provinces in this regard. The current study aimed to determine the technical efficiency of potato farms and the influencing factors in Yakawlang district and Bamyan center. The required were collected using stratified sampling method by filling questionnaires with 286 potato farmers in 2019. To determine the technical efficiency of potato production, Cobb- Douglas stochastic frontier production function along with inefficiency function were applied. The results showed that the inputs such as area under cultivation, labor force, amount of seed, amount of DAP fertilizer and animal manure had positive and significant effects on potato production. The mean of technical efficiency was 71.5% varying from the lowest of 26.9% to the highest of 92.7% was calculated. the inefficiency model also revealed that the variables marital status, living area, meeting with the extension workers year-round and satisfaction from the sale method of potato had positive effect on the level of technical efficiency of potato farmers. Based on the results, the qualitative and quantitative betterment in extension training programs coupled with DAP fertilizer and animal manure can be the managerial measures.
About Four Key Words or Phrases in Alphabetical Order, Separated by Commas
Copyright (c) 2024 Zainullabuddin Hakimi, Jabraeil Vahedi, Esmaeil Pishbahar, Mohammad Din Rostazadaostazada (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Efficient Solar Air Heater Absorber Plate for Crop Drying Application
Solar air heaters are commonly placed on farms to provide heat during the drying of croplands. This practice has been studied to see if solar air heaters can provide adequate heat to support the harvesting and drying of crops. The study revealed that solar air heaters can provide sufficient heat to support the drying of croplands and the harvesting of grain. However, solar air heaters are more efficient when their air flow and thermal capacity are equal. To be more economical, they should be designed with more efficient components such as reflectors and ducting systems. The air flow and the thermal capacity of the solar air are also affected by the duct system’s low heat transfer coefficient. This can be increased by taking advantage of the air’s restricted thermal capacity. Active and passive approaches can also be used to increase the HT coefficient of solar air heaters. In most cases, this method is more cost-effective than using an absorber plate. In most cases, the use of an active or passive approach can increase the air flow and the HT coefficient of solar air heaters. This CFD study focused on the link between the roughness element for solar air heater ducts and the HT capacity of the system.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gyaneshwar Sanodiya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Enhanced Solar Air Heaters For Crop Drying
Solar air heaters are placed on farms to provide heat for the drying of grain and crop harvesting and harvesting. The results of the thermal study showed that solar air heaters are capable of providing a sufficient increase in air temperature under the majority of crop drying circumstances studied. The restricted thermal capacity of air, as well as the low heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and the air flow via the ducting system, both contribute to the overall thermal efficiency of solar air heaters. Solar air heaters must be more efficient in order to be more affordable. This may be accomplished by increasing the heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and the air flow passing through the duct. More heat transfer coefficients can be increased by using either active or passive approaches. In most situations, it may be cost-effective to use solar air heaters and incorporate artificial roughness on the absorber plate. The rate of heat transmission from the solar air heater's duct to the fluid flow may be increased by creating artificial roughness on the surface of the duct. The study focused on several roughness element geometries for solar air heater ducts, and the results indicated that there is a link between the two. This paper attempts to find ways to artificially increase the heat transfer capacity of solar air heaters' ducts by using element geometries which have been utilised in solar air heaters' heat transfer devices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kamlesh Sahu, Gyaneshwar Sanodiya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Modeling the Filling Rate of Faeces in Ordinary Pit Latrines
Faecal sludge deposited into the pit latrine is subject to biodegradation. The aim of this research was to develop model for the filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrine together with the effect of shape factor on such fillings to prepare the minds of users on the filling characteristics of the pit based on contents, usage and environmental factors. Consequently, faecal sludges sampled from 100 pits already filled were subjected to laboratory analyses for their physico-chemical and biological characteristics. Models for the actual filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrines were derived using BOD, COD, VS, and TS data, calibrated and verified. For a more critical situation, models were also derived for the filling rates considering pit shapes that gave the actual pit filling in comparison with the general condition. From the results, the actual filling rate was lower than those obtained using BOD, VS and TS. However, the COD gave filling rate closer to the actual filling rate than other parameters since TS could not be used to assess the filling rate of faeces in pit latrines. The pits exhibited low filling rate in terms of BOD in 2 pits. In terms of COD, the filling rate was higher compared with that of BOD. Low filling rate was observed with volatile solids and only 3 pits exhibited moderately high filling rates whereas total solids had the highest number of pits with high filling rates. The filling rates for both the square and rectangular pits increased by 26.5% from 40 – 90 ℓ/capita/year to 50 – 112 ℓ/capita/year due to the shape factor and this was above the values obtained in existing models while that of the circular pit remained the same. Reduction in pit volume and increase in filling rate by faeces was due to dead corners as a result of clogging, thereby reducing the area available for faecal infiltration into the surrounding soil. Circular pits are more stable because of the natural arching effect of the ground around the hole and there are no corners to concentrate the stresses. Pits with flat sides are much more likely to develop clogging resulting to dead corners than the circular pit. From this study, it is therefore evident that the shape of pit latrine determines the actual volume and the filling rate of faeces in pit latrine taking into consideration geological and environmental factors. Thus for optimal design, our engineers should take note of the pit shape factor. Thus, the model can be used to determine the filling rate of ordinary pit latrines considering soil characteristics, ground conditions and other favourable conditions.
physico-chemical and environmental characteristics
Copyright (c) 2024 Ugwu Francis Ifeuzu, Prof. Agunwamba Jonah Chukwuemeka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Study of Physicochemical properties of Soil, Aheri, Maharashtra & Effect of Vermicompost Fertilizer
Farmers are using chemical fertilizer for farming to extend the yield of crops. Chemical fertilizer reduces soils fertility and it also contaminate ground water table..Recycling of biowaste is necessary to reduces waste .It makes our campus clean likewise as contribute in sustainable development. This waste are often converted into useful fertilizer as a Vermicompost.Vermicompost will enrich the soil and its fertility. Vermicompost also results in decrease the environmental problems. Vermicompost could be a vital biofertilizer and Vermicompost is enriched with all beneficial soil bacteria and also contains many of the essential plant nutrients like N, P, K and micronutrients.(1) Vermicomposting is that the process of production of compost by breeding earthworms, leading to homogeneous and stabilized humus used as manure and significantly increased the quantity of N, P, K and C concentration in vermicompost. The aim of this paper to recycle biowaste and study various physicochemical property of soil and impact of vermicompost fertilizer on soils property of Aheri, Nagpur. The observed values of various physicochemical parameter in all soil samples, after addition of vemicompost is fairly good.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr Kavita Gour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Optimization of Sowing Dates and Seeding Rates with Adaptive Control of The Technology of Cultivation of Winter Barley Varieties Mavlono
One of the determining periods in the life of winter cereal plants is sowing (autumn). Only under the condition of good moisture supply and at optimal air temperature, timely and high-quality seedlings can be obtained, tillering shoots and processes of verbalization and hardening of plants to be formed. Based on the importance of the foregoing, this work presents the results of studies in bright gray-earth soils of the Kashkadarya region of the reaction of winter barley of the Mavlono variety for different periods of sowing and seed sowing rate. It was found that plant survival ranged from 86.0 to 89.9%. No significant differences in wintering of plants between crops of different sowing dates were revealed. Seeding rates did not significantly affect the height of plants, spike length and the number of grains in it, which confirms the high plasticity of winter wheat of the Mavlono variety. Our studies have shown that for winter barley of the Mavlono variety in the conditions of the Kashkadarya region, the sowing season is favorable – from 15 October to 1 November, with an optimum sowing rate of 4 million pcs / ha.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zulayho Yarkulova, Abbos Kadirov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0