Indian Journal of Environment Engineering (IJEE)
The Indian Journal of Environment Engineering (IJEE) has ISSN 2582-9289 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical half-yearly international journal. This journal is published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP) in May and November. Authors can electronically submit articles throughout the year using the Article Submission System. Authors can format their article either in (i) a single-column format or (ii) as per the journal template. The submitted articles should not have been previously published or are currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal does not accept brief or short notes for publication. The editors retain the right to reject any articles that lack quality or originality without sending them for review. All articles must fall within the journal’s scope and will undergo a double-anonymized peer-review process. Authors must confirm that they have read and understood the content of their submitted article and ensure that it meets acceptable English grammar and usage standards. To help with the proofreading process, authors can use tools like Grammarly or similar applications. As an open-access journal, authors must pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) to publish their articles and retain copyright. Additionally, authors should familiarise themselves with the editorial and publishing policies of the journal.
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Comparative Study of Wastewater Generated from Mineral Water Factories, Arunachal Pradesh
The increasing need for packaged drinking water has resulted in the growth of mineral water production units, particularly in developing areas such as Northeast India. But the environmental effects of wastewater released by such units are usually left behind. This study is a comparative analysis of wastewater produced by two well-known mineral water plants in the Nirjuli area of Papumpare District, Arunachal Pradesh, namely M/S Renu Beverage (the producer of Orchid Drop) and M/S Polo International (the manufacturer of Polo Mineral Water). The main aim was to analyse the physicochemical properties of the wastewater and check compliance with the allowable discharge standards set by the regulatory authorities. In order to obtain accurate and representative data, wastewater samples were taken at 10-minute intervals from the outlet of each factory. This process was done for five months, with a one-month gap between consecutive sampling runs to account for seasonal or operational changes. The parameters examined were major water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, chloride, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO). The parameters were analysed using standard APHA laboratory procedures. The findings reported that although majority of the physicochemical values stayed within proper limits of discharge, considerable discrepancies in BOD, TSS, and turbidity levels existed. Interestingly, wastewaters of the Polo unit showed high levels of BOD and turbidity as opposed to Orchid Drop, and that indicates variation in effluent treatment practices being applied. Differences depict the levels of operational proficiency as well as the wastewater handling protocols being implemented across different units. Aside from comparative evaluation, the research further investigated possibilities for reuse of treated wastewater for industrial and agricultural applications. From analysing monthly trends and scrutinizing changes in loads of pollutants, the research discerns opportunities to include treated wastewater within sustainable water management systems. This reuse may reduce freshwater usage to a very low level and assist in conserving water long-term in regions under water scarcity. This research offers vital information on a frequently neglected environmental concern in the bottled water sector. It stresses the significance of regulatory enforcement, regular monitoring, and enhanced treatment facilities in the provision of environmentally friendly operations. The research contributes to the larger discussion on wastewater management in industries and provides actionable directions towards pollution reduction and resource recovery through water reuse strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jumbom Ruti, Dr. Mudo Puming (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Waste Material Recovery Process in Indore – A Field Study
Waste generation in today’s life is increasing day by day in various forms, may it be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Biodegradable waste like paper, wood, cardboard, and others like metals is not creating trouble as they can easily be recycled or decomposed without harming the environment. On the other hand, plastic and other non-biodegradable waste is becoming a matter of concern for so many reasons to be listed. To overcome such issues, many initiatives have been taken by various groups along with many government programs. This field study deals with one of the material recovery facilities at Indore. This facility was visited and checked for its working procedure. The facility was working on dry plastic waste of different forms, which was being collected from residential, public, and commercial areas in this location. With the help of collecting vehicles and manpower, the waste was collected and segregated in different forms to be sent for further processing to form Gatta pipes, and for other purposes like recycling, waste to recovery plants, and the landfills.
Copyright (c) 2024 Deepti Dohare, Shruti Dohare (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Inaccessible and Unaffordable? The State of Water and Sanitation Services in Nairobi, Kenya
As the limited water resources become increasingly stressed by factors such as rapid urbanization, population growth, and climate change, the need for sustainable urban water management is more important than in the past decades. A large part of the world’s population still lacks access to clean water and sanitation, making achieving Sustainable Development Goals a challenge. Water is an indispensable resource and plays an important role in ensuring the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, there is a need to prioritize research on the availability, affordability, and access of water resources to promote sustainable water resource management. In this study, we reviewed academic articles and published reports from various institutions and organizations to assess water sources, infrastructure, coverage, accessibility, and affordability of water and sanitation services in Nairobi County. The study identified Nairobi’s main water sources as municipal water, primarily from surface water and groundwater. However, the capacities of the water sources, treatment plants, and wastewater treatment plants were found to be insufficient, resulting in water shortages in most parts of the city. Most of the infrastructures were also found to be insufficient and old, contributing to water distribution inefficiencies, frequent leakages, and pipe bursts which hampers water reliability. The study suggests prioritizing the water and sanitation sector in government budgets to increase infrastructure development investments and funding. Appropriate wastewater treatment methods should also be adopted and implemented to enable wastewater to meet water consumption standards and be potentially integrated into supply systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Obel Lena Omina, Prof. Wang Tao, Dr. Wang Feng, Edwin Kipkirui (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exploring the Capacity of Agricultural Residue as a Sustainable Energy Resource to Enhance Madagascar's Energy Security
Biomass represents a significant and emerging energy source. This study assessed and compared the potentiality of agricultural waste to be converted into renewable energy sources in Madagascar. A model for estimating biomass energy potential was exploited, and relevant data about crop and animal populations was extracted from the Food and Agriculture Organization's statistics database (FAOSTAT). Five types of crop residue were considered, including rice, sugarcane, corn, beans, and cassava, and four animal species like cattle, pigs, chickens, and sheep. Diverse conversion actors; the Ratio Product (RPR), Surplus Availability Factor (SAF), and Low Heating Value (LHV), were obtained from various literature sources and were used to assess the potential energy from agricultural residue. Subsequently, all collected data were meticulously compiled utilizing Microsoft Excel and subjected to comprehensive descriptive analysis facilitated by the OriginLab software, enabling advanced data manipulation and visualization. Our findings reveal that Madagascar generates approximately 27.78 million tons of agricultural residue annually, with the potential to produce 181.91 petajoules (PJ) of energy, primarily derived from crop residue, estimated at 128.75 PJ annually, which constitutes 70.8% of the total energy potential. With appropriate technology, the estimated energy potential could fulfill 48.7% of total energy consumption in Madagascar. Consequently, future investigations should prioritize research efforts to identify and implement optimal conversion technologies.
Copyright (c) 2024 VITA Michelle Anicaelle, Dr. WANG Tao, Prof. WANG Feng (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Precipitation Trend Analysis of Highland, India
Highland regions often rely heavily on agriculture for livelihoods. Rainfall (including snowfall) trends can directly impact crop yields and agricultural productivity. Monitoring rainfall trends aid in assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, habitat suitability, and ecosystem services. Highland regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Analyzing long-term rainfall trends provides valuable insights into climate change patterns and helps in formulating adaptation strategies to cope with changing environmental conditions. This study is based on the long-term rainfall analysis using a novel method called the 5-year lag method. The analysis has been carried out annually and the four seasons- January and February (winter/cold weather season), March, April, and May (Pre-monsoon/summer/hot weather/thunderstorm season), June, July, August and September (South-west monsoon/summer monsoon season), October, November and December (Post-monsoon/north-east monsoon/retreating south-west monsoon season).
Copyright (c) 2024 Anila Arelt, Dr. Shivakumar J Nyamati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Application of Fine Bubbles in Biofloc Aquaculture: Towards Environmental Sustainability
Biofloc Technology (BFT) is specifically designed to tackle critical challenges in aquaculture, including the reduction of excessive water usage, minimizing effluent discharge, optimizing nutrient utilization from feed, and strengthening overall biosecurity on farms. This innovative approach utilizes clusters of bacteria, algae, or protozoa within a matrix rich in particulate organic matter to enhance water quality, improve waste management, and control diseases. Given the system loading rates, there is a heightened need for elevated dissolved oxygen levels and optimal flow rates. Acknowledging the limitations of traditional aeration systems, this review hypothesizes employing fine bubbles as a panacea. The article, therefore, condenses information on fine bubble impacts in biofloc with a special focus on faster biofloc establishment, favorable microbial diversity, improved respiratory health, accelerated growth rates, optimized metabolism, improved feed conversion ratios, reducing costs, and enhanced overall aquatic health. The suitability of fine bubbles in diverse aquaculture environments is also explored with highlights on areas for further research to optimize and scale up fine bubble-fueled biofloc as an environmentally friendly aquaculture
Copyright (c) 2024 William Chirwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physicochemical Studies, Characterization & Adsorption Capacity of Activated Carbon Derived from Dathura Stronsium Fruit Shell
In the Present investigation various activated carbon derived from waste material of plant has been synthesized .These carbon materials have high porosity .This high degree of porosity of adsorbents is associated with large surface area, which makes it an excellent adsorbent for removal of Heavy Metals. The activated carbon has advantages over the other with respect of its adsorption capacity, operating Characteristic &Cost. The activated carbon materials have been characterized by surface area, particle size, bulk density, Volatile matter, Moisture content, Ash content, FTIR &SEM studies. The goal of the present investigation was an attempt to develop low cost, highly effective and simple to use activated carbon materials for removal Cr(VI), Cd(II) and Zn(II) from contaminated water based on adsorption phenomenon. This newly developed adsorbent has been proved to be more promising for heavy metals removal without affecting the quality of treated water.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Kavita Gour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Mechanism of Corrosion in Production Wells using Stainless Steel: Review
It is essential for the designers, engineers and field operators, who designs and fabricates to be duly mindful of corrosion so as to enjoy undisturbed production, since most field materials are subjected to corrosion. This will prolong the commercial existence of production facilities. This paper provides an all-round review of challenges of corrosion while producing and proffers antidotes. The mechanism of corrosion was studied with the different kinds of corrosion that is experience in the Petroleum industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amosu C.O. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Building Eco-Blocks through the Use of Solid Waste
India is buried under waste stacks as more than 1.50 lakhs ofsolid waste (MT) per day is produced. Worse, nearly 90% of the total volume is collected (135,000 tonnes daily). Almost 15,000 MT of waste remains exposed each day, which leads to a “severe” amount of contamination of some 55 lakh of MT of solid waste disposed of each year in open surface. Just 20% (27 000 tonnes per day) of the total waste collected and 80% (1 08 000 tonnes per day) was disposed of. The remaining 80% is disposed of on site. Progress in the management of solid waste has resulted in materials that replace conventional materials, including bricks, blocks, tiles, aggregates, ceramics, cement, lime, soil, timber and paint. In this research, Eco blocks are generated using waste materials like fly-ash and waste using aggregates of cement and yard. It optimizes materials with various combinations and defines the compression strength of the eco-blocks. Days of 7.71, 5.8 and 9.10 N/mm2 are compressive strengths of 14 and 28. The strength of ecological blocks is equal to or above that of the local company’s regular concrete blocks. The study showed that solid waste can be used for solid block processing. We also analyzed how debris can be recycled to find an alternative to reduce natural resource costs and use.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ashish R. Kale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change
A coastal reservoir (CR) is a freshwater reservoir to store river water in the sea area adjacent to the sea coast by replacing seawater. A CR is formed by constructing a long oceanic dike to impound surplus water that is flowing to the sea from a river basin. Freshwater from the CR is pumped throughout the year into a series of embankment canals to reach upland areas for meeting agricultural, industrial, municipal, etc water needs along with the required base blows and environmental flows in river basins. The embankment canals also create pumped storage hydropower (PSHP) potential to meet the energy storage requirements for harnessing variable power resources like solar, wind, etc which are economical, clean, renewable, and carbon neutral. The oceanic dike also creates a mega-scale ultra-deep sea harbor along with a coastal highway and railroad. CRs are cheaper to construct compared to land-based reservoirs wherever the cost of submerged land and immovable property acquisition and rehabilitation of the affected population is very high. They also serve multipurpose utilities such as deep-sea harbor, road transport, rail transport, land reclamation, PSHP energy storage, rejuvenation of over-exploited rivers, etc without appreciable overall environmental damage. CR projects are feasible in every continent except Antarctica as there are few mighty rivers with huge surplus water discharges to the sea and also the existence of vast desert/semi-desert areas which can be converted into productive agricultural lands or forest lands with water supplied from the CRs. Greening the desert or semi-desert lands into lush green farms or forest lands would enhance the soil carbon storage and also provide food grains and biomass. The available biomass can be used as feedstock to produce carbon-neutral biofuels to replace fossil fuels which are contributing to global warming. Few feasible CR projects are listed in the paper that can harness nearly 9,000 billion cubic meters (bcm) of water annually and contribute to achieving a carbon-neutral world. To explain the concept of the freshwater CRs and the associated embankment canals, a CR project to utilize the surplus waters of the Brahmaputra, Ganga, and Meghna rivers is considered as a case study in some detail in this paper. The project would create a 360 bcm capacity CR to harness nearly 1,200 bcm of water throughout the year regardless of monsoon vagaries for meeting various water needs in all major river basins between the Ganga and Krishna rivers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nallapaneni Sasidhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Modelling Reaeration Coefficient of Stream using Regression Analytical Method – A case of Mmubete Stream, Rivers State Nigeria
Surface water pollution is a major problem/ occurrence in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Mmubete stream is never an exception. Mmubete stream is significant to the people of Rivers State owing to its usefulness in terms fishing activities and domestic usage. The modelling of Mmubete stream using regression analytical method with emphasis on incorporating mixing properties of stream in stream reaeration prediction was carried out. Water samples were collected and analysed for dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature. The hydrodynamic data (depth, velocity, surface area, kinematic viscosity and dispersion) of the stream were measured while re-aeration coefficient using empirical models developed using regression analytical approach was determined. The results revealed that the field reaeration coefficient of Mmubete stream ranges from 2.4432d-1 to 3.7568d-1 in the wet season and 0.96d-1 to 2.712d-1 in the dry season. The reaeration coefficient of the stream ranges from 1.983d-1 to 3.088d-1 using the model 1 for the prediction, 1.983d-1 to 3.5065d-1 using the model 2 and 3.0221d-1 to d-1 4.1817 using the model 3. The R2 of the models are 0.934, 0.934 and 0.998 for models 1, 2 and 3 respectively and the standard errors are 0.11135, 0.549694 and 0.022008 for model 1,2 and 3 respectively. The models developed are reliable considering the root mean square and standard error values.
Copyright (c) 2024 Engr. Akatah, B.M., 6547Engr. Izinyon, O.C., Engr. Dr. Gwarah, L.S. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Satellite Based Approach for Assessing Land Cover Changes of Modhupur Sal Forest Regions in Bangladesh: Its Dynamics and Impacts on Surface Temperature
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes have a significant impact on climate changes in the local to global scales. In this paper, we studied the impact of LULC changes of Modhupur Sal forest and its adjoining areas in Bangladesh on LST using multi temporal satellite data. Seasonal and temporal values of LST were determined for three decades from 1989 to 2019. It was seen from the LULC study that the Sal forest area has changed a lot over the time period. Through the long-term time series data, it is found that with the change of LULC, LST of the area has increased. An inverse correlation between the NDVI and LST has been observed from 1989 to 2009 in winter and 1993 to 2011 in summer. But in 2019, both in winter and summer, with the increase of NDVI value of the area, LST was seen to increase.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mist. Ashrafunnahar Hena, Dr. Hafizur Rahman, Dr. Md. Shahjahan Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Waste Management and Environmental Conservation: An Overview
Managing waste and conserving the environment confronts the government, the community, the people and the industry. There is a conceptual and sustainable framework to be imbibed in tackling the menace of waste. The waste management profile at hand and environmental status quo defeats the strides of conservation of wastes which debar any stainable economy. However, beyond all reasonable doubts, best practices for waste management gives most-sought results in the future ahead. At large, a beam of global light into the radical and rational trend of waste management programs leads to economic sustainability based on the capacity of innovation; Nigeria vies to make a mark in innovation outcome in the direction of appropriately curtailing wastes at all levels. Despite being tagged an under-developed nation, Nigeria still positions itself as a great and conscious manager of wastes of all sorts in Africa. This study assessed the cultural management of wastes in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amosu C. O., Dr. Morakinyo K.O. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rainfall Trend Investigation of Hemavati Catchment, Karnataka, India
The rainfall trend investigation study supports to judge the periodic pattern of rainfall. The quantifiable evaluation of the overall impacts of different elements, for example, changes in precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, environmental changes encouraged by a hazardous atmospheric deviation and human activities on the streamflow is critical for territorial appraisal of water assets and its feasible management. This study focusses on to analyze the seasonal rainfall trend in Hemavati Catchment, Karnataka, India. For the present study, thirty-two years (1990-2021) of seasonal rainfall trend has been examined using the Mann-Kendall assessment and Sen’s gradient estimation methods. The investigation has been carried out for the cold weather season (December-February), hot weather season (March-May), southwest monsoon season (June-September), and post–monsoon season (October–November) by the use of XLSTAT software and the study demonstrations that here is a varied trend in the catchment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ashwini B, Dr. Shivakumar J Nyamathi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Uptake of Ruthenium Bearing Waste by Co-Precipitation using Lead Sulfide as Scavenger
During the fission of Uranium for generating electricity, fission products are produced. Ru-106 is one among them. In the decontamination of nuclear components using decontaminating agents like EDTA, NDA, oxalic acid etc, Ruthenium gets complexed and the waste generated as liquid contains Ru-106 in the complex state. It is necessary to free Ru-106 from the complex by oxidation of the complex. This will generate Ruthenium effluent with Ru-106 in the free state amenable for further treatment. An attempt has been made to co precipitate Ruthenium along with lead sulphide. The optimum pH, dosing of chemicals needed for in situ precipitation of lead sulphide were estimated in the batch study. Column studies using lead sulphide on polyurethane foam as column material were carried out for the treatment of Ruthenium bearing effluent. The optimum flow rate for maximum removal of Ruthenium was found to be 20 BV/h. Under optimized condition the max removal of Ruthenium was found to be 84% in the batch study, and 80% in the column study.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ajay Kumar Mishra, B S Panigrahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Plastic Waste Management with Expanded Polystyrene Beads
Plastic waste is the one of the serious environmental issue due to its non-biodegradability nature. The disposing of plastic waste and plastic waste management becomes a major task in developing countries like India due to rapid growth of population and industrialization. Plastic stands in the top most place among variety of solid waste materials, and causes heavy environmental hazards which will affect the future generations and peers. The present study was focused to investigate and understand the attributes of concrete which is made of partial replacement of coarse aggregate with Expanded Polystyrene Beads using M20 mix design. Concrete cubes were casted taking 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of Expanded Polystyrene beads as partial replacement of coarse aggregate and tested for 7days, 14days and 28days of compressive strength of concrete.
Copyright (c) 2024 Modi Musalaiah, Prof. Dr. T. Phani Madhavi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Investigation of Physiochemical Properties of Groundwater at Estako-West, Edo-North, Nigeria
The physicochemical parameters of groundwater at Auchi and South-Ibie were investigated to determine underground water quality in this environment. Water sampled locations in Auchi were categorized as Iyekhei (Iyekhei), Auchi Poly Water (Auchi PW), Auchi Poly Hostel (Auchi PH), Double Delight Hostel (DDH); South-Ibie locations are Levis Gas Plant (LGP), Pastoral Centre (PC), Global Castle Hostel Sawmill Road (GCHS), Arsenal Hostel and, Lagos Street (AHLS). A total number of 80 water samples from eight locations were collected and analyzed using some statistical metrics to determine the relationship among measured parameters. The pH of water samples ranged from 1.4 at GCHS to 4.12 at AHLS. The result indicated that all the investigated water samples have low pH values with a high alkalinity level. Total dissolved solids (TDS) of 300mg/L, 400mg/L, and 500mg/L were obtained from the water samples at Iyekhei, Auchi PH, and DDH. These values are within the allowable World Health Organization (WHO) standard. However, the chloride level for all locations was very high except for Iyekhei, with a value of 115 mg/L, which is accepted within the WHO requirement of 250 mg/L. Conductivity values of four sampled water locations; namely, Auchi PH, DDH, PC, and GCHS, are within the allowable limit. High conductivity values of 304 sm/cm, 116.7sm/cm, and 845 sm/cm were obtained for LGP, Auchi PW, Iyekhei, respectively. All the water sampled locations’ results indicated that none of the sampled water is within the WHO required standard of 20oC to 23oC. The statistical metrics showed a strong relationship between the conductivity and chloride concentration with R2=0.7174; this may be related to some dissolved conductive ions in the water sampleThe research study’s output is imperative to understand the relationship between different groundwater parameters to develop and good groundwater quality.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olotu Y., Ibrahim R., Eboreimen L., Eriakha C.E, Gimba I.N (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impacts of Limestone Exploitation on the Socio-economic Development of Okpella, Nigeria
Limestone and other solid minerals exploitation have been a major activity at Okpella and its environs. This has tremendously contributed to the economic development of the host community, and on the other side poses a great danger to the health and the well-being of Okpella due to the continuous release of carbon emission, suspended particulate matter, and defying noise pollution from the mining and hauling equipment. However, long extraction of limestone has been attributed to land degradation as responded by 43.6% of the sampled population, whereas 19.2%, 14.6%, and 12.7% agreed to the use of heavy-duty equipment, land clearing, tailing dams, and application of toxic materials as responsible for land degradation and devaluation. Conversely, 39.4% of the respondents indicated that the exploration of limestone and other solid minerals could be attributed to cough, 22.5% to catarrh, and 13.2% to malaria. In conclusion, it is obvious that limestone exploration is beneficial to the socio-economic development of the host community but detrimental to their human and environmental health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olotu Y., Bada A.O., Elamah, D., Akharia O.O., Erayanmen I.R. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Therapeutic Nanoparticles: Advantages and Toxicity
The present review focused on various advantages and hazardous aspects of therapeutically used nanoparticles. Therapeutic applications of nanoparticles have been covered in cancer diagnosing and therapy, surgery, bio-detection of disease markers, molecular imaging, implant application, tissue engineering, and devices for gene, drug, radionuclide, and protein delivery. Many therapeutic nanotechnology applications are still in their beginning stages. However, promising applications are being developed especially in the field of cancer therapy. Nanoparticles are proficient as carriers for chemo-therapeutic drugs and enhance their therapeutic index. These NPs act as therapeutic agents in gene and photothermal therapy. Furthermore, they function as molecular imaging agents to distinguish target cells and monitor cancer progression. Finally, the generations of toxic biological responses of these nanoparticles are mentioned based on detailed explanations of NPs toxicity assessment. Evaluation of potential toxicity of NPs are mainly comprises of its physicochemical properties, inclusive particle characterization (such as size, shape, specific surface area, agglomeration, solubility, element impurity etc.), function of cellular and non-cellular in vitro toxicity assessment and animal supported toxicological measures.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Lata Ramrakhiani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Estimation of Clearness Index and its Application in Determining Sky Conditions using Three Cities in Ghana as a Case Study
In this work, hourly global radiation and extraterrestrial data for three locations in Ghana, namely Accra, Kumasi, and Navrongo, were used to estimate the daily clearness, monthly mean clearness index, and monthly-averaged hourly clearness index of the study areas. It was observed that the monthly average clearness index of Accra ranged from 0.4505 to 0.6975 and that of Kumasi and Navrongo varied from 0.4553 to 0.6908 and 0.4529 to 0.6949, respectively. There was no overcast sky in the year 2018 for all the three study areas in Ghana, and approximately two-thirds of the year’s day length experienced clear-sky conditions. Partly cloudy conditions were predominant in the wet season of the year.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ralph Osei Dartey, Bobie Ansah Samuel, Chigbo A. Mgbemene, Ekechukwu Onyemaechi Valentine (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Solid Minerals Blueprint for Sustainable Local Prospects and Development
Moving from a much more sustainable social, environmental and economic system confronts the government, the community, the people and the industry. There is far-reaching conceptualization of the necessity for minerals. The present status and blend for the production of minerals may well not be absolutely demanded by a more sustainable economy. But beneath any reasonable definition of necessity, there will be a significant need for some mineral products deep in the nearest future. In the recent world beamed with the rays of extremely competitiveness in which economic attainments rely widely on the ability to be innovative; Nigeria is only clamouring to attain a better innovation outcome. Irrespective of being one of the under-developed nations, globally, Nigeria still stands a strong dynamic Black- Africa by position of its headcount census and the economy. This study assessed the inherent innovation and endowment in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amosu C. O., Dr. Adeosun T.A. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reclamation of the Enugu Coal Mine Site at Abandonment
Mining of coal (fossil fuel) resources in Enugu resulted in groundwater pollution/depletion and left the mine site with the potentials of air pollution, loss of landscape/aesthetic degradation and soil contamination. Other Environmental impacts were extensive soil damage, alteration in microbial communities and affecting vegetation leading to destruction of vast amounts of land and displacement of dwellers. Reclamation is the process to restore the ecological integrity of these disturbed mine land areas. It includes the management of all types of physical, chemical and biological disturbances of soils such as soil pH, fertility, microbial community and various soil nutrient cycles that makes the degraded land soil productive. Mining does not mean permanent loss of land for other use. On the other hand it holds potential for altered and improved use apart from restoring for agriculture, forestry and irrigation. This paper attempts to view the best practices for reclaiming the abandoned Enugu coal mine site which ceased production since 2002.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amosu Cyril Olumuyiwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of NEWMAP Effects on Gully Erosion Control and Environmental Development over South East, Nigeria
The potential impacts of gully erosion over South Eastern Nigeria are a worrisome scenario. It has resulted in the displacement of millions of habitats, agricultural, and economic losses. The result of the effect of Nigerian Erosion Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) monitoring and evaluation on the effect of gully erosion on economic development in this study has revealed a positive significant influence at P < 0.05 over the study region. Also, it is revealed that NEWMAP programmes have significantly covered some constructions of hydraulic structures for flood routing and soil erosion control in South East, Nigeria. This intervention has significantly reduced the rate of land degradation occasioned by soil erosion, protection of watershed and agricultural land, which has thus been responsible for improved agricultural production. In conclusion, it is imperative to conduct periodic monitoring and evaluation of the activities of NEWMAP to building a strong evidence-based mechanism that enhances assessment of the diverse range of intervention projects on the dwellers of South-East extraction.
Copyright (c) 2024 Oyati E.N, Lawal A.F., Ojo O.J (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Green Spaces Availability Versus Accessibility: Case of Okhla, South Delhi
Green spaces are inevitable for people to live and grow. These spaces form an ambit for interaction with nature and people from myriad groups. This paper examines the availability of such spaces in ward no. 102S and 101S of South Delhi and the resident’s accessibility to these spaces. The green cover available per person in Sarita Vihar is 14.645 Sq m/Person which fulfils the URDPFI and WHO guidelines in contrary to 3.969 Sq m/Person for Abul fazal enclave. The Public parks are located towards the periphery in Sarita Vihar, more than the walking distance of 400m. 1 public park exists in Abul Fazal Enclave toward the extreme periphery accessible with a ticket of Rs 30 for the adults. It concludes giving possible recommendations at a micro level for better allocation of green spaces based on factors of density and context of the settlement.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bushra Saba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
We know that sun is the only sources which is available free of cost in our environment for the PV module. when the sun strikes in to the PV cell it converts to the electrical energy. Now a days to fulfill the requirement of energy the solar energy plays a main role of that. But some time this solar energy is not sufficient to fulfill this requirement than some time we use the MPPT techniques which is increase the power generation and main advantage of this techniques is that this is work in any climate. The full form of MPPT is MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER. It gets the maximum power from the available PV unit and it is not depending upon the any environmental conditions. In this paper we discuss in detail the several abilities that how they get the maximum power point and system convergence, efficiency and cost of implementation. In this paper we show that all type pf MPPT Techniques.
Copyright (c) 2024 Apar Chitransh, Mr. Sachin Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Faecal Sludge in Pit Latrines with Depth
Development of Models for the Rational Design of Different Shapes of Pit Latrine
Specific models for the rational design of pit latrines of different shapes and sizes are presently non-existent. What exist are general design models irrespective of the shape and size of latrine which may not give the actual design parameters needed. This research was limited to the derivation of models that will aid the design of the capacity of pit latrines of different shapes and dimensions for different population of users and under different soil formations and ground conditions. The objective of this research was to derive models for the rational design of pit latrines of different shapes using data collected from 500 different household pit latrines already filled up. Thus, models were derived for different latrine pit shapes and sizes using data collected through the administration of designed questionnaire on 500 households having pit latrines already filled up. Models were developed specifically for different latrine shapes whereas those of other researchers were generalized. These models were calibrated and verified for the rational design of pit latrines of different shapes and sizes. The regression coefficients for calibration were 0.75, 0.65, and 0.50 and for verification are 0.97, 0.98 and 0.99 for square, circular and rectangular pits respectively. The implication of this research is availability of design models for the construction of different pit latrine shapes.
Regression Coefficient For Calibration Coefficient of Correlation
Copyright (c) 2024 Ugwu Francis ifeuzu, Prof. Agunwamba Jonah Chukwuemeka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries
The urgency to eliminate man-made greenhouse gas emissions and achieve energy security/independence by all countries justifies an energy policy that considers the major role of renewable biomass as a source of organic feedstock for producing adequate organic chemicals and biofuels on a sustainable basis and economically. This paper investigates a three-stage thermochemical process to convert wet biomass into a tailored mix of syngas for producing green methanol, hydrogen, and Fischer-Tropsch products. The three-stage thermochemical process involves the torrefaction of wet biomass using hot carbon monoxide gas, pyrolysis of torrefied biomass to produce biochar, and final gasification of the pyrolysis gases by auto thermal reforming up to 1400o C temperature. The proposed process is suitable to utilize a wide variety of biomass materials such as freshly harvested biomass without field drying, agro waste, forest/plantation litter, organic municipal solid wastes, sludge from sewage water treatment plants, solid biomass rejects from anaerobic digesters, bagasse from sugar or first-generation ethanol plants, organic solid rejects from second-generation ethanol plants, waste glycerides from biodiesel plants, industrial organic waste, etc. The proposed process offers valorization of biomass so that the net income of farmers is enhanced a fewfold by selling freshly harvested biomass. The economic analysis found that carbon-neutral hydrogen, methanol, etc can be produced below the prevailing costs of such products derived from fossil crude oil or natural gas without considering carbon credits. It is feasible in a standalone biomass refinery to use any biomass as only one bulk raw material/feedstock without any harmful emissions to water bodies or the atmosphere except carbon neutral carbon dioxide gas if not sequestrated.
Copyright (c) 2023 Nallapaneni Sasidhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0