Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources (IJEER)
The Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources (IJEER) has ISSN 2583-1186 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical quarterly international journal, which is published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP) in February, May, August and November. Authors can electronically submit articles throughout the year using the Article Submission System. Authors can format their article either in (i) a single-column format or (ii) as per the journal template. The submitted articles should not have been previously published or are currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal does not accept brief or short notes for publication. The editors retain the right to reject any articles that lack quality or originality without sending them for review. All articles must fall within the journal’s scope and will undergo a double-anonymized peer-review process. Authors must confirm that they have read and understood the content of their submitted article and ensure that it meets acceptable English grammar and usage standards. To help with the proofreading process, authors can use tools like Grammarly or similar applications. As an open-access journal, authors must pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) to publish their articles and retain copyright. Additionally, authors should familiarise themselves with the editorial and publishing policies of the journal.
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Reforming India’s ESG Reporting: Lessons from the EU and South Africa
India has committed to reaching net-zero emissions by 2070 and reducing emissions intensity by 45% by 2030, requiring a credible system of corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure. The introduction of the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) in 2021 has made progress toward enhancing transparency, though its reach remains limited. Currently, the BRSR applies only to the top 1,000 companies, lacks robust assurance measures, and suffers from fragmented oversight, resulting in critical gaps in credibility, comparability, and investor confidence. This paper evaluates India’s framework against the European Union’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Guidance in South Africa. Drawing on policy-mix theory and the multi-level perspective, the analysis highlights how the CSRD benefits from statutory assurance and integrated legislation. In contrast, the JSE illustrates the inherent weaknesses of voluntary alignment without enforcement. The findings indicate that BRSR is feasible but weak in credibility and alignment, leaving India vulnerable to reputational and investment risks. Three reform pathways are assessed: maintaining the status quo, adopting a CSRD-style framework, or enhancing BRSR with phased mandatory assurance. The analysis recommends the enhanced BRSR option as the most practical pathway, as it balances ambition with feasibility while facilitating eventual convergence with global standards.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katrine Nair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Meeting Household Energy Needs through Community Forestry: A Systematic Review of Evidence from Nepal
The availability of clean and affordable household energy has been long-standing in rural Nepal, with household biomass sources taking over the household consumption. This paper examines the role of community forestry in providing households with energy security, promoting social inclusion, and sustaining the environment. The review uses a systematic approach guided by the PRISMA 2020 standards and synthesises the evidence from 92 empirical studies on the issue published since 2004. Web of Science, Scopus, and NepJOL were used to gather data based on inclusion criteria for community forestry, household access to energy, and participatory governance. The conceptual framework used to evaluate the interaction between human, natural, social, financial, and physical capitals and governance systems to determine household energy outcomes was the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA). Results indicate that community forests are the primary source of fuelwood and other forest products for 6090 per cent of rural households, cut household energy costs by up to 18 per cent, and enhance forest restoration in 85 per cent of the studies examined. This improves transparency and meaningful representation, as well as forest conditions and biodiversity. Nevertheless, inequities include elite capture, the underrepresentation of women and marginalised groups, and poor uptake of cleaner technologies, which hinder equal gains. The findings highlight that community forestry contributes substantially to the welfare of rural communities. Still, sustainable energy transitions require reforming policies to set energy targets in forestry strategies, advance alternative energy technologies, and enhance intergovernmental coordination under federal governance. The study finds that incorporating household energy objectives into community forestry policies is essential for achieving the Nepal Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 7, 13, and 15). It suggests an adaptive governance system, participatory governance, and technology-based interventions to fast-track the transition of the rural energy system toward cleaner, more equitable systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prem Bahadur Giri, Dr. Hari Prasad Ghimire, Bijay Raj Giri, Trilochana Pokhrel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Green Hydrogen Production Utilizing Solar Energy and Other Renewable Energy Sources, Addressing Climate Change Mitigation
The Industrial Revolution has brought about significant technological and economic progress. Still, it has also led to a notable rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming and climate change. Industrialisation, urbanisation, and agricultural expansion have increased energy demands and raised environmental concerns. In response, clean energy technologies such as solar and wind power are increasingly replacing fossil fuels. India, the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide and a significant energy consumer, requires a diverse range ofrenewable energy sourcesto achieve its decarbonization targets. The transition to sustainable energy involves zero-emissions electricity systems and low-emission carriers, including biogas and hydrogen, as well as electric vehicles. Hydrogen has the potential to decarbonise both the stationery and mobility sectors, including shipping and aviation. To maximise the benefits of green hydrogen, issuesrelated to costs, infrastructure, and scalability must be addressed. Greater support from governments and industry stakeholders for research and development is crucial to making hydrogen technologies more accessible and effective in achieving decarbonization goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. J. Haider, Prof. Vijay Kumar Srivastava (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Time Series Forecasting Analysis for Automated Smart Meter Reading System
The Smart Meter Reading System modernizes traditional meter reading by enabling real-time energy monitoring and short-term consumption predictions for sectors like banking and automotive. The research in this paper focuses on the comparative application of time series forecasting techniques for enhancing the performance of Automated Smart Meter Reading(AMR) Systems. With a growing need for efficient energy management, especially in the context of smart grids and real-time analysis, this study explores how advanced machine learning and deep learning models can predict electricity energy consumption based on smart meter data. The research uses a realworld dataset from the UCI Machine Learning Repository: https://archive.ics.uci.edu/dataset/290/tamilnadu+electricity+boar d+hourly+readings. The study leverages time series forecasting models, including ARIMA, SARIMA, SARIMAX, LSTM, XGBoost, and CATBoost, to capture trends, seasonality, and long-term dependencies in sequential data. Each model is evaluated on benchmark metrics such as Root Mean Squared Error( RMSE) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) to measure forecasting accuracy. We have observed that the best models for our purpose of short-term predictions are our two ensemble models. We also find XGBoost to have significantly high predictive reliability. Traditional models like ARIMA have not produced adequate results for the energy data. This study is significant as it demonstrates that integrating machine learning and deep learning into AMR systems enhances the intelligence and responsiveness of the overall system. Accurate forecasting allows utilities to make informed decisions, optimize grid load, and foster consumer awareness. The findings advocate for adopting advanced data-driven methods in modern energy infrastructures to promote efficiency, reliability, and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Sujaudeen N., Dr. Lakshmi Priya, Gayathri Venkatesan, Dharshni M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Household Energy Consumption Patterns and Energy Efficiency Measures in Rural and Urban Area: Case Study
This research paper investigates household energy consumption patterns and energy efficiency measures in Tamil Nadu, India, with a focus on understanding regional disparities, socio-economic predictors, and implications for energy policy and sustainability. The study employs a quantitative research design, utilizing data from the Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA) Household Energy Consumption Survey conducted in 2023. Analysis includes demographic characteristics, energy consumption patterns, adoption of energy efficiency measures, and socio-economic predictors. Significant disparities in energy consumption between urban and rural households are observed, with urban areas showing higher usage of electricity and LPG, while rural areas rely more on biomass and kerosene. Adoption rates of energy efficiency measures vary between urban and rural households, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to promote equitable energy access. Household income and education level emerge as significant predictors of energy consumption, underscoring the influence of socio-economic factors. The findings contribute to evidencebased policy formulation and implementation, emphasizing the importance of addressing regional disparities and promoting inclusive energy policies for sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dnyaneshwar Kudande, Sheetal Pandya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In-situ and Ex-situ Conversion of Coal to Methane using Hydrogen
This paper explains a process to produce methane using coal, steam, and hydrogen by autothermal reactions. In coal gasification, oxygen is used to burn extra coal for providing the necessary energy to the process. The proposed process uses hydrogen in place of oxygen to provide the necessary energy to produce methane. The process uses fossil coal as a feedstock only and not as a fuel. Both ex-situ and in-situ methods are feasible to produce methane/natural gas from coal and green hydrogen. For one unit mass of hydrogen, nearly 24 times methane production is feasible. The required carbon-neutral hydrogen can be generated adequately and economically from water electrolysis by using green renewable electricity from solar PV and wind power potential. The carbon footprint of methane production using coal and green hydrogen is nearly 83% more than that of fossil natural gas but 23% less compared to fossil coal on an equivalent energy basis. The abundant inferior quality coal deposits in India can be used as carbon feedstock to produce methane gas for the fuel requirements of domestic, commercial, and road transport sectors. The existing natural gas infrastructure like cross country pipelines, PNG infrastructure, CNG filling stations, LNG storage facilities, etc remain in use and are further expanded to use the methane produced from coal deposits. The green carbon dioxide gas available from biomass gasification can be sequestered into underground caverns and depleted natural gas or crude oil deposits to brand the grey methane, produced from fossil coal, as carbon neutral fuel. Thus, India can transform into a carbon-neutral economy with robust energy security/independence from a predominantly fossil fuels importing country to an exporter of green fuels, chemicals, and products by harnessing its vast coal, biomass, and renewable energy resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nallapaneni Sasidhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exploration of Wind-Wave Energy Potentials for Renewable Energy Development in Parts of Ondo Coastal and Offshore Locations, Southwestern Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 Enikanselu Pius Adekunle, Balogun Ahmed Adedoyin, Ewetumo Theophilus, A. A. Osinowo, Margaret Ojone Ogundare, Ashiru Olusola Raheemat, James Sunday. Abe, A. S. Ifanegan, Babatande Abraham Okunlola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of aWind Pumping System in the Saharan Zone of Chad
The wind-powered water pumping system at Gouro and Madadi in Chad is crucial to alleviate the chronic water shortage in these desert regions. The statistical Weibull distribution, using the Moroccan method, gives an annual wind speed scale of 6.55 m/s and 5.85 m/s for these sites, confirming the importance of studying a wind power system. Annual variations in wind speed are significant, and show a seasonal dependence on wind speed. The dominant wind direction is north-easterly, according to the wind rose diagrams, with high frequencies. Seasonal capacity factors for the three wind turbines at the Gouro site range from 0.55 to 0.77, and from 0.48 to 0.70 for the Madadi site, making these areas ideal for wind turbine installation. Monthly daily water flows for the Gouro site range from 8367 m³/day to 30371 m3/day for the three wind turbines. For the Madadi site, these values range from 8415 m3/day to 21391 m3/day. In view of these results, the wind-powered water pumping system can have a significant impact on the socio-economic development of these regions. By supplying drinking water and irrigating farmland, it can promote food security, economic growth and improved living conditions for local populations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fia Oung-Zetna, Boukar Michel, Djongyang Noel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of the Electrical Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Solar Module in the Various Climatic Zones of Chad
The performance of solar photovoltaic modules depends on the availability of solar radiation and the temperature of the solar cells. Knowledge and a good mastery of methods are essential to the design and the choice of the best technology. The chosen method should take into account the nonlinearity effects of the variation of current as a function of irradiation, and the variation of voltage as a function of temperature. In this work, the five-parameter, five-point model is used to evaluate the electrical characteristics of a solar photovoltaic module in the various climatic zones of Chad. Simulations are performed on a 250Wp polycrystalline photovoltaic solar module (SL250CE-36P composed of 72 cells connected in series) with an efficiency of 12.9%. The validation of the models was done by comparing the characteristics of the module in the various climatic zones of Chad. Results showed that most of the parameters depend on both the temperature of the cells and solar irradiance. This study shows that the five-point model is an excellent tool for evaluating the electrical characteristics of solar PV modules in the area. It is an improved method for extracting the five key physical quantities from the solar PV module characteristics. Most of the parameters depend on both the temperature of the cells and the solar irradiance. Accuracy varies depending on operating conditions. The effect of nonlinearity has made it possible to obtain a better match of the characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2024 YACOUB Nassian Nimir, frIdriss Dagal, Djongyang Noel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Case Study of Solar Integration in HVAC Systems: Efficiency and Sustainability Outcomes
This study looks into the environmental advantages, economic feasibility, and technical viability of using solar energy to charge HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) batteries. It also covers issues like the unpredictable nature of solar energy and the requirement for energy-storage technology. This study adds to the ongoing efforts to develop a more resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure by encouraging the incorporation of renewable energy sources into HVAC systems. PV (Photovoltaic) panels collect solar energy, a charge controller manages energy effectively, and a battery storage unit is adapted to meet HVAC needs make up the system. The purpose of solar energy integration into HVAC systems is to decrease dependency on the traditional grid, reduce environmental effects, and improve overall energy efficiency. Intelligent charge control algorithms, real-time monitoring, and predictive maintenance capabilities are some of the solar-powered charging system's key characteristics. These characteristics ensure that the HVAC system runs smoothly and leave as little of an environmental impact as possible while optimizing energy utilization. The system's scalability and adaptability to a wide range of customer needs enable it to serve HVAC applications in both residential and commercial settings.
Energy Efficiency Environmental Sustainability
Copyright (c) 2024 Arshad Mehmood, Mohammed Ali Khalifa Ali Al-Azzani, Isehaq Qasim Mohammed A-Dhahri, Said Rashid Saif Jaffer Al-Omairi, Ahmad Abdallah Ali Al-Mamari, Maitha Rashid Sultan Al-Dhahli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Efficiency Improvement and Comparative Studies of Solar Organic Rankine Systems using Nanofluids
Solar power generation has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing sources of renewable energy. The solar thermal system with a Rankine cycle used to harness solar energy and generate electricity from a low-temperature heat source is an emerging technology. The major drawback of solar thermal power generation is its poor efficiency, which is around 10% to 15%. Although prior attempts to improve the efficiency of the solar thermal system and use of Nano fluids in heat transfer applications have been carried out, very little work has been carried out using Nano fluids in Rankine cycle systems. Thus, the objective of the research undertaken was to primarily improve the efficiency of a small-scale solar thermal system by selecting working fluids, optimizing the system parameters and using Nano fluids with improved heat transfer properties for capturing heat. Thermodynamic simulation tool Aspen Hysys was used to carry out simulations of the Rankine and Regenerative Rankine systems. The system was simulated with combinations of Dowtherm-Cu O/Ag/Al2O3/TiO2 as the heat transfer fluid, and n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, or R-134a as the working fluid. System parameters such as mass flow, temperature, and pressure were optimized to obtain maximum power output and efficiency, keeping the system constraints and practicality in mind. The use of Nano fluids improved heat transfer to the working fluid in the heat exchanger by a maximum of 50%. The efficiency of the basic Rankine cycle was determined 16.03% for n-pentane, 14.90% for n-hexane, 13.83% for n-butane, and 9.82% for R-134a as the working fluid. Further, the use of regeneration improved the efficiency of the system by 6%, 3 %, 7% and 2% respectively. Highest efficiency of 27.96% was obtained when 6% volume concentration of Al2O3 was used in the heat transfer fluid, and n-pentane was used as the working fluid in the Regenerative Rankine cycle.
Copyright (c) 2024 Raghav Sarathy, Dr. Badarinarayana K, Karthik Dilipan, Nithin Krishnappa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Relative Study of Solar Air Heater Having Turbulators
Due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, it is now more important than ever to explore and use alternate forms of energy. “Solar energy is a promising long-term solution that can meet the world’s energy needs. Due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, it is essential that we explore and use energy-related solutions as soon as possible. Solar energy is a promising long-term solution. Artificially roughened solar air heaters perform better than the smooth ones under the same operating conditions. However, artificial roughness leads to even more fluid pressure thereby increasing the pumping power. In this article a comparative study of thermo-hydraulic performance of two different types of artificial roughness geometries attached on the absorber plate of solar air heater” has been performed in terms of thermo-hydraulic performance parameter.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gyaneshwar Sanodiya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The smart grid system is very useful in our India. Over electrical supply system is upgrade when use this technology. In this work introduce to smart grid system in India. This is new generation grid system for save our power energy. It reduces the black out when the power consuming higher than the produce of the electricity. The smart grid system also balances the generate power and consume power. The numbers of sensors for collect the data and produce electricity according to its requirement so we can save larger amount of electricity. It also shows the real time price of electricity so we can use our heavy electric equipment when the electric price low. It’s also found the default in electric supply system with the help of sensors so we can easily solve the electricity default. The smart metering also collects the real time-consuming data for the consumer. It also helps for billing the electricity bill with the help of sensors. When the smart gride system install all our in the India then the power supply system easy to be handle. The smart gride system collect the data easily for any district.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanjay Kumar Gupta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Heat Transfer Analysis of Advanced Solar Collector
A 2-dimensional CFD analysis has been carried out to study heat transfer and fluid flow behavior in a rectangular duct of a solar air heater with one roughened wall having circular and square rib roughness. The effect of Reynolds number and relative roughness pitch on the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor have been studied. In order to validate the present numerical model, results have been compared with available experimental results under similar flow conditions. CFD Investigation has been carried out in medium Reynolds number flow (Re = 3800–18,000). It is found that the thermal enhancement factor values vary between 1.4 and 1.7 for circular rib and between 1.5 and 1.7 for square rib.
Copyright (c) 2024 R. Rame Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This paper aggressively tells about FACTS (Devices in Indian Power System) study whose full form is Flexible Alternative current Transmission System. FACTS is used as it is the best technology which is growing around to improve power transfer capabilities around us to improve the power transfer. FACT devices has its many benefits which are like if for a given transmission system we use it then it will improve the power transfer capability also enhances reliability, and not only provide security for system but also helps in maintaining the stability with better controlling abilities in power transmission networks with all these benefits it is economical which add an advantage for using this in existing network. After seeing such a growth and advantages of FACTS Devices has been system of attention due to which many developing countries like China, Australia, Brazil, etc. has adopted this technology. India is also one of the developing country whose demand of power is increasing rapidly so to provide that demand more efficiently Indian Power system is installing FACTS devices which is helping with great economy and also improving the transmission system. By this paper we have gone through the different surveys which shows that how India’s state electricity boards has installed and used FACTS devices in detailed manner.
various project running in India on Facts Devices
Difference in cost between SVC and FACTS
Copyright (c) 2024 Sachin Paliwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Scope of Solar Energy and Wind Energy in District Raebareli (Uttar Pradesh)
Renewable energy resources are the Potentials for today and for the forthcoming future of our Generations thus making the relieve from dependability of generations on the fossil fuels and making the right use of resources of what nature has given to us . Talking about the todays existing renewable energies are in the form of Solar, Wind, Tidal, Hydrothermal, Geothermal etc are various kind of sources of energies in the Renewable forms. Talking about the scope of innovations in this area it has shown a great potentials as we can know about the Technology of Decarbonisation in which carbon is been seeing as source of energy Potentials for the future. Talking about the todays worlds consumption , it is about Coal(27%) , Natural gas (24%) , Hydro energy (7%). Talking about Raebareli district in Uttar Pradesh the average Specific Photovoltaic Power Output is found to be 1495.6 kWh/kWp , Direct Normal Irradiation found to be 1190.9 kWh/m2 and Global Horizontal irradiation is found 1771.5kWh /m2.So according to these datas it can be conferred that a great scope of solar energy can be utilised in my area and also the Government has some programmes also for installing the solar Panels in thus area.
Copyright (c) 2024 Harshit Pratap Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Driver’s Activity Detection System using Humanantenna
Now a days we can see that there are many cases which are occurring due to the drowsiness of drivers and that has become a main problem of the automotive industry. To overcome this in automotive industry the introduction of new technologies that is by introducing of new sensor which can detect the different activities. Detection of activities by sensors is for biological measuring such as heartbeat, oxygen level, respiration activity, etc. By applying such widespread variety of sensor usage in the system has a very high implementation cost and also very complexity which is a bit challenging design. In this paper, we are going study that how humantenna effect is used to detect and test the drive drowsiness by using simple and budget sensors in automotive industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sachin Paliwal, Birinderjit Singh Kalyan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Feasibility of Solar Power Plant in Kathua District, J&K
As the non-renewable sources of energy are depleting day by day, the world is turning towards renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro for fulfilling their power requirement. Solar is one of the major sources of renewable energy which is used for electricity generation in India and its installed capacity has been increased from 2.6 GW to more than 42 GW in the last 7 years and India also acquired 5th position in solar power deployment. Solar power can be harnessed in India using proper techniques providing huge scalability and it also has capability of power generation on distributed basis which helps in additional capacity with short lead times. Jammu and Kashmir has vast amount of solar potential and government is also taking some steps to maximize the use of renewable resources than non- renewable resources in UT but people are still unaware of how to use these renewable resources efficiently. In this paper, the feasibility study of solar power plant installation in Kathua, Jammu and Kashmir has been carried out using NASA LARC so that in future maximum number of solar power plants can be installed in Jammu and Kashmir and people can rely on renewable sources. The solar irradiance parameter has been used for assessing the feasibility of this area and the data is collected with the help of NASA LARC website.
NASA LARC So That In Future Maximum Number
Copyright (c) 2024 Simran Gupta, Birinderjit Singh Kalyan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Case Study of Groundwater Potential for Agricultural Sustainability in Ambala District, Haryana by using Geospatial Approach
This study focuses on analyzing the behaviour of groundwater in the Ambala District using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) approach. The Ambala District, located in 30.2862° N, 76.9643° E faces challenges related to groundwater availability and sustainability due to increasing water demand and potential environmental impacts. The research integrates various datasets, including hydrogeological parameters, groundwater level measurements, land use/land cover data, and geological information specific to the Ambala District. These datasets are processed and analyzed using GIS tools, enabling the identification of spatial patterns, trends, and relationships associated with groundwater behaviour. The analysis encompasses key aspects such as groundwater recharge areas, flow direction, aquifer characteristics, and vulnerability to contamination. By overlaying different thematic layers and conducting spatial analysis, the study identifies areas with high potential for groundwater recharge, areas of groundwater flow convergence or divergence, and regions prone to contamination risks from anthropogenic activities.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Ritu Sarsoha, Seema Rani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0