Indian Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism (IJMCJ)
The Indian Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism (IJMCJ) has ISSN 2583-0651 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical quarterly international journal, which is published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP) in March, June, September and December. Authors can electronically submit articles throughout the year using the Article Submission System. Authors can format their article either in (i) a single-column format or (ii) as per the journal template. The submitted articles should not have been previously published or are currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal does not accept brief or short notes for publication. The editors retain the right to reject any articles that lack quality or originality without sending them for review. All articles must fall within the journal’s scope and will undergo a double-anonymized peer-review process. Authors must confirm that they have read and understood the content of their submitted article and ensure that it meets acceptable English grammar and usage standards. To help with the proofreading process, authors can use tools like Grammarly or similar applications. As an open-access journal, authors must pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) to publish their articles and retain copyright. Additionally, authors should familiarise themselves with the editorial and publishing policies of the journal.
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Corporate Social Responsibility by Kagera Sugar Limited: Missenyi Sugarcane Growers Reflection
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been touted as instrumental in addressing misunderstandings within organisations and as a key tool for building relationships. Various businesses invest more resources in CSR programmes for economic gain, including Kagera Sugar Limited (KSL). Precisely, this paper explored sugarcane growers’ perceptions of KSL's CSR activities, with a specific focus on Missenyi district. The study was grounded in Stakeholder and Social Capital Theories, and its findings aligned with the theories, especially in clarifying the company’s responsibility to return something to the community it serves. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach to data collection, using surveys, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. This resulted in a combination of qualitative and quantitative data from sugarcane growers across four Missenyi wards: Kassambya, Kyaka, Nsunga, and Mutukula. Also, the study used the same approach to collect data from 21 AMCOS members and 5 top management members. The findings revealed that although the company (KSL) has helped improve the economic and social lives of people in surrounding communities, it has failed to address environmental issues in the area fairly. Again, the other findings indicated that the inconsistency in ecological matters in Nsunga ward differed from what has been done in different places, where feedback was positive. This gap undermines the efforts CSR’s goodwill and trust are meant to foster in the community. However, many communities are pointing fingers at companies, urging them to rethink their business growth while truly addressing social, economic, and environmental sustainability strategies for the benefit of stakeholders. Therefore, the study concludes that the needs and interests of all stakeholders were not well considered. Thus, if KSL wants to gain stakeholders’ goodwill and trust, it needs to make its CSR activities clear.
Copyright (c) 2025 Catherine Frank Kemikimba, Dr. Gidion Kamfipo Mwakitalu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Audience Satisfaction Obtained from Listening to Religious Broadcasts of Radio Maria Tanzania
The study explored audience satisfaction with Radio Maria Tanzania's broadcasts in Dar es Salaam, focusing on four types of satisfaction: content, process, technological, and social. The research was conducted to assess how effectively the station's religious radio broadcasts meet audience needs. Uses and Gratifications Theory guides this assessment to determine whether these broadcasts fulfil the audience’s needs. The study aims to identify areas where audience expectations are not met, thereby filling gaps to improve radio performance and relevance. Although Radio Maria Tanzania emphasises its role of serving its audience, it was unclear to what extent its programs meet its audience’s needs. The study used a quantitative research design and collected data using a questionnaire distributed among radio audiences. Both probability (cluster) and non-probability (convenience and purposive) sampling techniques were used to select the study sample. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics to determine the audience's levels of satisfaction. The study found that 48.5% of the audience was satisfied with the content of the radio broadcasts, 33.4% were dissatisfied, and 18.1% were neutral. Content satisfaction was reflected in the perceived quality, relevance, and spiritual value of programs; on process satisfaction, findings revealed that 44.9% were satisfied, 33.1% dissatisfied and 22% were neutral with the ease of access and participation; technological satisfaction which is confined within the availability of clear signal and ease access of the channel showed that 44% were satisfied, 41.5% dissatisfied and 14.5% were neutral. Social satisfaction, as measured by opportunities for interaction through call-ins and shared testimonies, indicated that 40.1% were satisfied, 37.6% were dissatisfied, and 22.3% were neutral. Therefore, the study concludes that, among the four types of satisfaction studied, there is an interrelationship among them, and all contribute to the audience's expectations for spiritual satisfaction from Radio Maria Tanzania. The study recommends that religious radio integrate spiritually enriching content with accessible, interactive, and reliable delivery systems to enhance overall audience satisfaction. There is room for improvement in the technological experience to address issues of usability, signal quality, and digital reliability, which could help bridge the gap between satisfied and dissatisfied listeners. The study recommended that Radio Maria Tanzania revise and double-check its programs to assess the extent to which each program covers the audience's needs. To improve satisfaction, the station could diversify programming, increase interactivity, and introduce youth-focused segments. To meet the audience's needs and expectations, the radio station should capitalise on audience inclusion and involvement in the programs, and RMT should invest in seeking audience feedback to drive improvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Selina Batholomeo Luhizo, Dr. Francis Xavier Ng’atigwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge and Utilisation of the Freedom of Information Act Among Journalists in North-Central, Nigeria
The crux of the Freedom of Information Act, enacted in Nigeria in 2011, is to promote transparency and openness in governance by granting citizens, including journalists, open access to public information and records. Journalists are required to utilise the Act to perform their duties. But a significant observation since the enactment of the Act in Nigeria is the vagueness of its values among Nigerians, including media men, which raises questions about the Act's potency. Hence, this study assessed the knowledge, use, and challenges associated with the Freedom of Information Act among journalists in North-Central Nigeria, specifically in Benue, Nasarawa, and Plateau States. Guided by the libertarian theory of the press, the study employed a mixed-method approach, combining survey and in-depth interviews to gather data. The Findings of the study revealed that a good number of journalists across the three states under study are aware of the FOI Act and reasonably understand its provisions. Still, there is a generally low utilisation of the Act among them. It was also discovered that the majority of the journalists have never used the Act or invoked any of its provisions to seek information from a public institution. The low utilisation of the Act is attributed to difficulties in the application process, hectic bureaucratic and legal processes, safety concerns, and selfcensorship by some journalists. In conclusion, based on the study's outcomes, the gap between the Act's awareness and knowledge and its practical utilisation has affected the potency and effectiveness of the Act in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iliya Jeremiah Ovey, Prof. Muhammad Sani Rabiu, Asso. Prof. Tsegyu Santas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Shifting News Habits: A Content Analysis of Digital News Consumption in India and Beyond
Digital news consumption in India is growing rapidly, making the country one of the world’s largest online news markets. This research critically examines evolving patterns of digital news consumption in India, exploring how Indian audiences are adapting to the digital news environment, why these shifts are significant for the sustainability of journalism, and how India’s experience aligns with or diverges from global trends. The study employs a qualitative content analysis methodology, systematically interpreting secondary data derived from two recent, comprehensive survey-based reports on digital news: the 'Monetizing Digital News: Digital News Publishing in India (2024)' and the 'Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2025'. Thematic coding and cross-comparative analysis reveal core behavioural trends among Indian audiences. These include a significant shift toward mobile-first engagement, substantial platform fragmentation, widespread adoption of short-form text and video formats, and continued trust in legacy media institutions. The study employs an analytical framework to gain a deeper understanding of both structural and behavioural changes. It organises findings by factors such as platform dependency, engagement formats, trust and credibility, consumption diversification, and how the industry generates revenue. When compared with global data, the research shows that Indian audiences are similar to international trends in their use of shortform content and influencer-driven consumption. However, they trust traditional media houses more than digital news aggregators. Focusing on India's rapidly evolving digital news landscape, this study fills crucial knowledge gaps by examining how the large demographic scale, swift technological adoption, and convergence between traditional and new media platforms impact the sector. It highlights how audience behaviour and industry challenges influence trends in trust, platform dependency, and financial sustainability. This study will be beneficial to academics, policymakers, and media practitioners seeking to address structural vulnerabilities, enhance journalistic credibility, and foster innovative revenue models amid ongoing media fragmentation and regulatory instability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saheli Sen, Dr. Abhishek Das (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Implementing Effective Communication Processes: Vital in Leading to Progression of Individuals
The main objective of this research paper is to acquire an efficient understanding of the meaning and significance of implementing effective communication processes. This is regarded as an integral part of individuals' lives. Individuals from the early childhood stage throughout their lives need to communicate with family and community members. This is essential for augmenting information and understanding across various subjects and concepts. Furthermore, help is obtained from others in providing solutions to multiple types of problems. Individuals need to ensure that they form positive viewpoints regarding various factors and individuals. Furthermore, they need to treat each other with respect and courtesy. Additionally, cultivating traits of efficiency, honesty, and truthfulness will facilitate success in all types of tasks and activities. In personal life, as well as in the pursuit of educational programs and various employment settings, individuals are required to communicate effectively with others. As a consequence, they will contribute effectively to achieving success in their lives. Therefore, it is widely understood that implementing effective communication processes is crucial to the advancement of individuals. The primary concepts examined in this research paper are understanding the meaning and significance of implementing effective communication processes, the measures to be implemented, and the advantages of effective communication processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Radhika Kapur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Strategic Shifts and Narrative Engineering: The Role of Political Strategists in Shaping Public Opinion in Murshidabad, West Bengal
This research explores the transformation of political campaigning in the Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India, from ideological canvassing to digitally driven and strategist-led electoral narratives. As a region steeped in political history, Murshidabad offers a unique lens through which to examine how political strategists and communication tools are redefining voter behaviour and public opinion. The study employs a qualitative case study approach, incorporating field interviews with voters, journalists, and campaign workers, as well as analyses of campaign materials, including WhatsApp forwards, pamphlets, and social media content. Two key electoral events—the 2016 Assembly Election in Dumkal and the 2021 Assembly Election in Raghunathganj—serve as the primary case studies. Findings reveal that modern election strategies in Murshidabad hinge on hyperlocal welfare narratives, digital outreach, micro-influencer engagement, and real-time feedback loops. These strategies have significantly influenced first-time and young voters, contributing to a shift in loyalties from traditional parties to those offering tangible developmental outcomes. The research highlights the evolving role of political strategists, shifting from background advisors to central architects of public opinion. This study was conducted to understand how grassroots political traditions are being transformed by strategic communication. It contributes to the literature on political communication in rural India and raises questions on the ethical use of data and digital tools in democratic processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Munmun Palbag (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Communication Gap: Impediment within the Course of Forming an Effective Social Circle
From the stage of early childhood, throughout their lives, individuals need to understand that they cannot live their lives in seclusion and loneliness. Hence, it is of utmost significance for them to form an effective social circle, comprising family and community members. Apart from family, there are other individuals with whom one needs to communicate. For this purpose, individuals must implement effective communication processes. They need to treat each other with respect and courtesy, and provide factual information. Furthermore, there are certain instances that individuals experience, which can overwhelm them due to a communication gap. They either lack positive feelings or experience unpleasant situations with others. Hence, individuals must implement ways to promote a typical mindset. In some cases, individuals do not feel comfortable communicating with others, and as a result, they become overwhelmed by the communication gap. However, when a communication gap arises in individuals' personal and professional lives, they are unable to reinforce their connections with others effectively. When working with others in professional settings, one needs to emphasise the importance of overcoming the communication gap. In other words, it should prevent the creation of impediments during the implementation of tasks and activities. Therefore, it is well-understood that a communication gap impedes the formation of an effective social circle. The primary concepts examined in this research paper are the meaning and significance of the communication gap, measures to overcome it, and its associated disadvantages.
Communication for SDG 3: An Analysis of Strategies and Campaigns of Developmental Agencies in Jharkhand
Effective communication techniques are crucial for promoting health and well-being in developmental efforts aimed at achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3), particularly in challenging states like Jharkhand, India. This study examines the communication tactics employed by a few Jharkhand-based NGOs and agencies to achieve the goals of Sustainable Development Goal 3, and explores potential implementation issues. The study uses a mixed-method approach and descriptive research design to interview representatives of specific NGOs (Breakthrough, Ekjut, Nischay Foundation, ASHA, CINI, UNICEF) in-depth. Qualitative insights into communication tactics highlight prevalent behaviours, obstacles, and outcomes. The results show that NGOs employ a range of communication tactics, including edutainment, community engagement, and the utilisation of both traditional and digital media. Participation in the community is essential for promoting trust and changing behaviour. Language differences, geographical restrictions, poor infrastructure, and cultural traditions that obstruct health education are among the top challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shreya Sinni, Dr. Rashmi Verma, Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Sameera Bhoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Revisiting a Controversial Cartoon: Aseem Trivedi’s ‘Wolf Capital’
This article is a close reading of a controversial political cartoon drawn by cartoonist Aseem Trivedi. It examines how the cartoon texts construct a discourse of resistance and also connect to other optical metaphors within the repertoire of Indian political and cultural sign systems. This critical reading reveals that cartoons are not only a communicative event but also a vehicle of collective memory.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lakshmi Prabha P (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cybercrime en Masse in the Digital India: A Case Study
Cyberspace is essentially a digital universe where people establish their online identities, and it has been expanding rapidly in recent years, mainly due to the widespread adoption of the internet and the rise of smartphones. What began as basic online activities, such as emailing and web surfing, has now grown to influence nearly every aspect of our daily lives, including how we communicate, bank, travel, and shop. The increase in smartphone usage has made the internet more accessible, leading to greater independence, new economic opportunities, and societal shifts. Government programs, such as the Jan Dhan Yojana, and the emergence of digital payment systems following demonetization have further advanced India’s journey toward a digital economy. However, this digital shift also brings with it a heightened risk of cybercrimes, especially since many users aren’t well-versed in technology. States such as Karnataka and Jharkhand have reported an increase in cyber offences, underscoring the pressing need for enhanced cybersecurity measures and improved digital literacy. This paper examines the growth of cyberspace, its societal implications, and the challenges we face in ensuring secure digital participation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Siddhant Chandra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Deconstructing Gender Stereotypes in Media: The Transformative Power of Media Literacy
The stereotypical perception of certain groups or communities has emerged as one of the most serious challenges in our multicultural, globalized society. While globalization has facilitated new economic opportunities and the free flow of resources, technology, ideas, and culture, market-driven consumerism has, on the other hand, narrowed human perspectives by promoting stereotypical projections and perceptions. This poses a significant obstacle to the development of a truly interconnected and inclusive multicultural world. The increasing stereotypical portrayal of men and women by the media remains a critical concern for society, and current trends suggest that such portrayals will persist in the long run. This article is a modest attempt to highlight the various gender stereotypes perpetuated by the media and explore the potential of media literacy in countering these stereotypes. Grounded in a qualitative approach, this study employs a Narrative Literature Review as its research method. The review synthesizes existing literature from multiple research databases, including JSTOR, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, and CORE.uk, offering a thorough, critical, and objective analysis of the topic. On the one hand, the study provides a comprehensive examination of the portrayal of gender stereotypes across various media platforms; on the other hand, it investigates the transformative potential of media literacy in challenging and counteracting these biased and stereotypical narratives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sameera Bhoi, Dr. Rajesh Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Stakeholders’ Views on the Media Authority Act 2013 on Freedom of Expression in South Sudan
This study critically explores stakeholders’ perceptions of the Media Authority Act 2013 and its influence on the state of freedom of expression in South Sudan. Despite constitutional and legal provisions that ostensibly protect media rights, concerns persist regarding the actual realisation of these freedoms in practice. The research was conducted to investigate the impact of the Media Authority Act on journalistic practices, regulatory autonomy, and public discourse, with a particular focus on how legal frameworks either promote or hinder freedom of expression. This study addresses a pressing issue in South Sudan’s democratic development, where media freedom is often caught between state control and civil society’s demand for openness and accountability. A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating qualitative data from 25 semi-structured interviews with journalists, civil society actors, media regulators, and government representatives, as well as quantitative data from surveys administered to 80 media practitioners across Juba, Wau, and Malakal. The analysis was guided by theories of media regulation and freedom of expression, particularly drawing from liberal democratic and critical legal theory. Findings reveal that while the Media Authority Act 2013 is framed as a regulatory mechanism to ensure professionalism and accountability in media operations, its implementation is often marred by political interference, vague legislative language, and inconsistent enforcement. Stakeholders reported a general lack of institutional independence, widespread fear of censorship, and restrictions on critical reporting, particularly on political and security issues. These challenges have led to self-censorship among journalists, limiting the media’s ability to serve as a watchdog of government activity. This study concludes that although the Media Authority Act has the potential to support a more structured media environment, its current application undermines the very freedoms it purports to safeguard. Reforming the Act to align with international human rights standards, coupled with building the institutional capacity and independence of regulatory bodies, is essential for fostering a free, pluralistic, and democratic media space in South Sudan. The research contributes to ongoing discussions on media freedom in post-conflict states and provides practical policy recommendations for promoting freedom of expression within fragile governance contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gai Peter Manyuon, Dr. Darius Mukiza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Imagining the Invisible: Menstrual Representations in Indian Television Advertising
This study examines the visual and thematic representation of menstruation in Indian sanitary napkin advertisements on television, broadcast between 2006 and 2024. With menstruation often treated as a cultural taboo in India, media representations—especially advertisements—play a crucial role in shaping public discourse and social attitudes. The research aims to explore how menstrual issues, myths, and realities are represented through symbolic imagery and narrative strategies in these ads. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study analysed 35 advertisements from Kannada and Hindi television channels. Quantitative analysis identifiesrecurring themes, emotional tones, and visual motifs, while qualitative content analysis and semiotic tools decode the underlying cultural and ideological messages. The research is anchored in feminist media theory and semiotics, drawing particularly on the works of Laura Mulvey, Judith Butler, and Roland Barthes to critique gendered messaging and mythmaking. The findingsreveal a dominant narrative pattern wherein menstruation is initially problematized—associated with shame, discomfort, or restriction—and then resolved through the sanitary product, which is portrayed as a liberating, empowering solution. While earlier ads relied heavily on euphemisms and sanitized imagery, recent advertisements show incremental shifts toward realism, including the use of red liquid and the depiction of stains. However, these gesturestoward destigmatisation often coexist with commercial imperatives that commodify empowerment and reinforce normative femininity. The study highlights the need for more inclusive and truthful representations that transcend symbolic performances to foster menstrual literacy, challenge taboos, and promote bodily autonomy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Geetha A J, Sanrita J Madtha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Judicial Discretion and the Death Penalty: Revisiting Bachan Singh in the Context of India and the U.S.
Judicial discretion in death penalty adjudication is inextricably linked with constitutional mandates, moral challenges, and international human rights norms. This study aims to undertake a critical analysis of the path of such discretion in the Indian legal tradition, particularly in the context of the jurisprudential shift indicated by Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980), which articulated the "rarest of rare" doctrine as a bulwark against arbitrary capital punishment. While the said judgment sought to establish principled checks, subsequent judicial perceptions have revealed contradictions, demonstrating the continuity of tension between normative principles and real adjudication. Employing a doctrinal research methodology, the study examines the theoretical underpinnings and functional efficacy of the Bachan Singh model. It supplements it with an empirical review of trial court sentencing practices. It also identifies procedural deficits that impede the doctrine's consistent application, such as incoherent sentencing and neglecting to consider extenuating factors appropriately. Moreover, with a comparative analysis of the capital sentencing system in the United States characterized by statutory limitations and jury participation—the study draws implications regarding the mechanisms through which controlled discretion can enhance transparency and reduce arbitrariness This paper finally calls for reviewing India's sentencing policy to include greater judicial accountability, implementation consistency, and compatibility with prevailing human rights standards. This paper contends that reforms are necessary to preserve the constitutional doctrine of substantive due process in capital cases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Priyadarshini, Sridevi S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of Fake News on Intolerance Among Socio-Economic Classes 3 & 4
The proliferation of fake news in the social media era has significant consequences for individuals, society, and democratic processes. Research has highlighted the detrimental effects of fake news on various aspects of society, including public opinion, political discourse, and individual decisionmaking. One consequence of fake news is the erosion of public trust in media and institutions. The finding reveals that fake news spreads much faster than credible information. This is a dangerous finding because, at best, fake news can spread false hope, and at worst, it can flare hatred and incite violence. A total of 100 cases of violations of religious hate speech were identified from the media studied in this research between 2022 and 2023. Regarding the religion involved in the cases, the Islamic denomination was predominant (32%), followed by Hindus (28%) and Catholicism (20%). Hate speech and incitement to violence were the most common topics (30%), although acts of discrimination and rejection (26%) and material damage or attacks on places of worship (19%) were also reported. The finding suggests that higher education students do not want to send fake news when they broadcast information. The finding also reveals that higher education students belong to many groups, and this does not affect the number of fake news stories because students conduct advanced research on the news and verify if it has a reliable source. Findings suggest that fake news and disinformation can subtly influence emotions and attitudes, potentially leading to behavioural consequences. The findings of the studies show that economic inequality is a potent enhancer of intolerance, inducing the escalation of out-group discrimination even without the presence of new intolerant mutants. Tolerance is positively associated with national-level economic prosperity, and this relationship is stronger for higher-income earners than for those with lower incomes. Individuals with job market insecurity and lower economic status (i.e., low income) are more likely to be more intolerant of people with different faiths. Once intolerance begins to act, it is almost unstoppable in the presence of inequality. The relationship between socioeconomic status, Misinformation, and intolerance is significant, as individuals from lower SES backgrounds are often at a higher risk of engaging in violent behaviour due to factors like poverty, lack of access to education, and limited economic opportunities. Lower family incomes of 30-60 K are more vulnerable to intolerance. Studies have shown a potential link between lower socioeconomic status (SES) and higher levels of intolerance, suggesting that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may be more likely to exhibit intolerance towards others, particularly when facing economic hardship or perceived threats from different groups; Digital media has also made it easier to spread misinformation that is many a times unverifiable. While name-calling, fake news, and other forms of low-level discourse and unethical political communication have always existed, social media has undoubtedly exacerbated these problems to a new level. The relationship between socioeconomic status, Misinformation, and intolerance is significant, as individuals from lower SES backgrounds are often at a higher risk of engaging in violent behaviour due to factors like poverty, lack of access to education, and limited economic opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Krishna Mohan Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Echo Chambers and Polarization: The Role of Social Networks in Shaping Beliefs in India
The rise of social networks has significantly influenced public discourse, contributing to the formation of echo chambers that reinforce ideological divisions. This study examines the role of social networks in shaping political and social beliefs in India. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this research integrates quantitative surveys with qualitative discourse analysis to assess the extent of polarization. Agendasetting theory and social identity theory provide the theoretical foundation for understanding how online communities amplify biases. The findings highlight how algorithmic curation, selective exposure, and group identity reinforce beliefs. The study proposes policy interventions to mitigate Polarization while fostering inclusive dialogue.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumana Mitra, Prof. (Dr.) Abhishek Das (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Role of ‘Unexplored Bastar’ in Strengthening the Socioeconomic Status of Tribal Communities: A Case Study Approach
A tribal community, an indigenous or aboriginal group, consists of people with common ancestry, cultural heritage, and often traditional lifestyles. These communities are distinguished by their unique social, linguistic, and cultural practices, setting them apart from mainstream society. Tribes typically have social structures, governance, and belief systems passed down through generations. In India, the socioeconomic status of tribal communities is influenced by historical marginalisation, geographic isolation, and contemporary challenges. These groups have historically faced discrimination, forced displacement, and exploitation, leading to a persistent socioeconomic gap. Their struggles are exacerbated by limited access to quality education, inadequate healthcare, and scarce employment opportunities. Traditional livelihoods, often tied to agriculture and forest-based activities, are becoming increasingly unsustainable due to environmental changes and modernisation. Unexplored Bastar is a travel startup based on a social entrepreneurship model in Bastar, Chhattisgarh. It focuses on sustainable tourism through a community-based approach, promoting the natural and historical sites of Bastar, as well as its rich tribal culture, both within India and internationally. Currently, Unexplored Bastar positively impacts the lives of over 200 tribal youth in Bastar. APS has trained around 240 local tribal individuals in the tourism and hospitality sector to improve their employment prospects, including hosting tourists in their homes, serving as local guides, and selling handicrafts to visitors. These local communities are the primary service providers for Unexplored Bastar, which implements various grassroots innovations. They organize themselves into Self Help Groups (SHGs) in Chitrakote, Tirtha, Dantewada, Palnaar, Phoolpad, Dholkal, and Barsoor. Consequently, Unexplored Bastar has created numerous sustainable employment opportunities for local tribal youth. This research paper examines the socioeconomic implications of the 'Unexplored Bastar' on the tribal community by analysing various activities and initiatives undertaken by the aforementioned independent organisation. Additionally, this case study will shed light on the future challenges and opportunities for growth and fostering tribal communities in various regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajkumar Das, Vivek Nema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Framing of Environmental News through Constructive Journalism in the Indian Context
Mainstream media often deem environmental news non-newsworthy owing to the lack of audience interest. This could be attributed to the lackadaisical treatment that environmental issues receive, which either presents these in an esoteric manner beyond audience comprehension or through non-engaging coverage to keep up with the bandwagon. The internet access boom has helped environmental groups and non-government organisations present and advocate for various environmental issues, including climate change. It would hold great significance for environmental communication research to study how these issues are being explored and the real-time impact and mobilisation of the audience. Constructive journalism is a growing field that addresses various social issues, including environmental concerns, through the lens of positive psychology and solution-based approaches. Its proliferation across new media platforms makes the scope of studying environmental issues more extensive. This study employs frame analysis to examine the frames employed in constructive environmental stories by media platforms, including The Better India and Mongabay India. A total of 285 stories between 2021 and 2022 were analysed using Nambiar’s typology of environmental frames, and it was found that constructive news elements in environmental stories may do well towards raising environmental consciousness among the audience and call to action.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lekshmi Priya Sanal, Prof. I Arul Aram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Era of Smartphone Journalism: A Shift in Media Dynamics
Smartphones have revolutionized journalism, rendering traditional tools such as OB vans and Live U machines obsolete. This paper examines the transformation within the media industry, highlighting the growing reliance on smartphones for news gathering, production, and broadcasting. With over 647.53 million smartphone users in India, leading Indian news channels, such as Aaj Tak, Times Now, and News18, have adopted smartphone journalism, utilising platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube to reach a broader audience. This study explores the impact of this shift on traditional journalism practices, the advantages and challenges posed by mobile journalism, and its implications for the future of the news industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Narmadesh Chandra Pathak, Amit Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Press Coverage of Corruption Scandal in Nigeria
Corruption scandals as reported by the selected papers, both news stories and feature articles were considered as the units of analysis. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the newspapers while stratified random sampling by days of the week to select the editions which amounted to 120 stories in the three newspapers. Moreover, the Issue-Attention Cycle Theory was used as the theoretical framework. The findings of the study indicated that Daily Trust, The Nation, and The Guardian newspapers had given prominence forming, 82.5% on the inside page of Daily Trust, 70% on the front page of The Nation, and 85% on the inside page of The Guardian. The study concluded that Daily Trust, The Nation, and The Guardian newspapers have substantially covered stories on corruption scandals within the period under review.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eric Msughter Aondover, Idris Mohammed, Omolara Oluwabusayo Akin-Odukoya, Omotola Ogunbola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perception of Women Towards Media Credibility in Creating Menstrual Hygiene Awareness: A Case Study in Vijayapura District
Menstruation is a biological process occurs in every woman’s body usually after 11 to 15 years of age. Particularly this age is beginning of a woman’s reproductive life. It is very important to maintain the hygiene related practices during the time of menstruation. The media establishes trust in specific brand products, encourages the use of hygienic products during menstruation, and maintains hygiene in washrooms and pertinent health services in both urban and rural areas. Exploratory research design has been used to analyze the selected problem. A structured questionnaire was prepared to collect data from the rural and urban girls. The sample was selected using a multistage sampling method. Specifically, respondents were chosen from thirteen talukas within the district: Vijayapura, Basavan Bagewadi, Sindagi, Indi, Muddebihal, Nidagundi, Talikote, Bableshwar, Tikota, Chadchan, Devar Hipparagi, Kolhar, and Almel. In each taluka, 30 respondents were randomly selected, resulting in a total of 390 respondents. Suitable statistical techniques such as: percentage, chi-square was used to analyze the data. The results of the study show that whereas traditional media such as newspapers and television continue to play a role, social media has emerged as the most powerful and credible platform in disseminating menstrual hygiene information. A great majority of respondents depends on social media for information; it shows the shift towards digital platforms in modern communication.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Tahmeena Nigar Sultana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Content Analysis of Hate Speech in the 2023 General Elections in Two Selected Newspapers in Nigeria
Hate speech is one of the communication challenges affecting the human society. Not restricted to any group, ethnicity or country, but rather a global mass phenomenon. Election is a common phenomenon where the masses raise accusative and provocative statements resultant to hate speech to individuals or specified groups. The research therefore aims to comparatively examine the prevalence of hate speech in The Nation and Vanguard newspapers. The study utilizes Agenda Setting and Framing theory in explaining the manifestation of hate speech during the 2023 general elections in Nigeria. Utilizing the content analysis, the study evaluates the manifestation of hate speech within the periods of six months (prior to election, during the election and after the election). The data was collected using the coding sheet and stratified sampling by days of the week was adopted. A sample size of five hundred and thirty-six (536) news on hate speech was analyzed in the two newspapers. Based on the findings, it was discovered that the two newspapers under study reported a high level of hate speech cases published prior to the election than during or post election time with 71.2%. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the media should strive to raise awareness about the consequences of hate speech during elections in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eric Msughter Aondover, Timothy Ekeledirichukwu Onyejelem, Collins Sopuruchukwu Iloanya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effectiveness of ‘Instagram’ on the Patronage of Commercial Organizations
Instagram, a popular social media platform with over a billion active users, has become a powerful tool for commercial organizations. Its visual-centric format, engagement features, and advertising capabilities provide businesses with unique opportunities to attract and retain customers. This analysis explores the effectiveness of Instagram in driving patronage for commercial organizations. Instagram has proven to be an effective platform for driving patronage for commercial organizations. Its visual-centric approach, robust engagement tools, and targeted advertising capabilities enable businesses to increase brand awareness, engage customers, and drive sales. However, success on Instagram requires a strategic approach, continuous effort, and adaptability to platform changes and audience preferences. By leveraging Instagram’s unique features and maintaining authenticity, businesses can significantly enhance their patronage and overall success. This study employed Uses and Gratification Theory and the survey method was used in the study. The population of this study consists of students of Caleb University. As such, the total number of students in Caleb University is 3000. The sample size selected for this study is Six hundred (600) and purposive sampling technique was adopted to select Six hundred (600) sample size. The findings of the study show students use Instagram for several purposes. It was also observed that the students assess the Instagram network in various ways and with different gadgets. The study concludes that the students pay a moderate level of attention to Instagram asthisindicated that there was less addiction level by the students to the platform.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omolara Oluwabusayo Akin-Odukoya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Resistance of Peaceful Expression in India: Implication on the Future of India
The right to free speech stands as a cornerstone of democratic societies. This paper aims to assess the pivotal role of freedom of the press in India, tracing its historical evolution from pre- to post-independence and highlighting its significance in the country's journey towards sovereignty. Through an analysis of legislative interventions, historical milestones, and contemporary challenges, the paper sheds light on the struggles and triumphs of the Indian press in upholding democratic values. Utilizing a library-based research approach, supplemented by online sources, the study investigates the current state of press freedom in India and its implications for democratic governance. Case studies are presented to illustrate the credibility crisis facing Indian media and the threats posed to journalistic integrity. Drawing upon landmark judicial precedents and historical narratives, the paper underscores the indispensable role of a free and independent press in safeguarding democratic principles and fostering informed citizenship. It concludes by advocating for the preservation of freedom of expression as a fundamental human right essential for the vitality of democratic societies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hassan, Pallavi Kumaria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Wrong use of Feminism on Social Media Platforms
This work explores the pervasive misappropriation of feminism on social media platforms. It delineates how feminism is often misrepresented, diluted, and commodified for commercial gain, leading to a shallow understanding of its core principles. Furthermore, it discusses the propagation of toxic femininity under the guise of feminism, the polarization of discourse, and the neglect of intersectionality. By examining these issues, the abstract underscores the detrimental impact of the wrong use of feminism on social media, emphasizing the need for critical engagement and inclusive dialogue to reclaim the movement's integrity and effectiveness. A survey has been conducted based on Google form of 50 questions among the common people for the identification of the opinions of people on the negative aspects that social media has on the promotion of feminist theories among the common people. The survey has helped in the identification that to some extent social media is responsible for the misinterpretation of feminist theories among the population. Thus, it is essential to take steps to make just use of the platform for spreading the ideas of feminism and equality among genders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Santanu Tanti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sabarimala Shrine Verdict: Dissensions & Repercussions
The concept of westernization, democratization and modernization has been arrogated by India superficially but when it comes to its real application, our rigid customs, suppositions, superstitious beliefs always supersede. India is a divine-vibrant land of mixed cantons, religions, cultures and traditions and hence it come becomes imperative to be prejudice-free in order to become a fairer society. The nation where both god and goddesses are equally venerated, it becomes unjust to deny the entry of an individual in the temple based on gender. This case note will provide an analysis of the Sabarimala verdict in legal and social context. It will also outline the subsequent ramification of the said decree. The present case examines the justification for disallowing pilgrimage to the women of menstruating age to the Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple and encapsulates in brief the rationale behind the judgment of the Supreme Court for allowing women to enter the shrine.
Copyright (c) 2024 Riya Gulati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Over-the-Top Platforms' Impact on Traditional Entertainment in India
India's entertainment industry has undergone a profound transformation with the rise of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, reshaping content production, distribution, and consumption. This study investigates the impact of these platforms on traditional entertainment, specifically television and cinema, within India's rapidly evolving digital landscape. OTT platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Hotstar have introduced a paradigm shift, offering audiences flexibility, personalized content, and diverse options accessible across devices. The research focuses on key questions, such as the specific changes in viewing habits and consumer behaviors and traditional entertainment providers' strategies to stay relevant. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with industry professionals and surveyed OTT consumers to provide both qualitative and quantitative insights. The study highlights that the shift towards OTT platforms is driven by factors such as convenience, technological advancement, and a preference for on-demand, personalized content. Additionally, the findings suggest that traditional entertainment models are experiencing unprecedented competition, compelling industry players to innovate their approaches in alignment with changing consumer demands. This analysis offers practical recommendations for traditional media companies, outlining adaptive strategies and potential avenues for collaboration with digital platforms. The results contribute to a broader understanding of the cultural and economic implications of OTT platform growth in India, offering strategic insights for stakeholders navigating this complex transition.
Copyright (c) 2024 Royce Paul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Implications of Virtual Classroom Management: A Review of Challenges and Prospects
The COVID-19 pandemic has revolutionised the traditional educational system, requiring schools and universities to implement virtual classrooms as a viable way of continuing operations. This shift has presented several challenges to classroom management, yet it also presents educators with new prospects for engaging their students in the virtual learning space. This review assesses the implications of virtual classroom management, its relevance to current educational practice, and offers strategies for successful implementation. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and prospects of virtual classroom management. While the challenges are significant, the potential of virtual classrooms to create meaningful learning experiences is undeniable. It must be harnessed by schools and universities if educational outcomes are to be achieved in the post-pandemic environment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Muhammad Suleiman, Surajo Musa Yakubu, Safiyanu Sulaiman Saleh, Haruna Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social Media as a Tool for Fundraising: Analysing the Strategies of Indian Non-Profits During Covid-19
This research examines the transformative role of social media in non-profit organisations' fundraising strategies during crises, focusing on Indian NGOs' digital adaptation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a detailed examination of two prominent Indian non-profits—The Akshaya Patra Foundation and Give India—this research employs content analysis and explanatory case study methods to analyze the effectiveness of social media in fundraising efforts. The study examines how these organizations adapted their digital communication strategies to engage stakeholders, raise awareness, and generate funds through crowd funding initiatives during the pandemic. The research methodology combines quantitative content analysis of social media campaigns with qualitative assessment of stakeholder engagement patterns to validate how social media content supports fundraising efforts during crisis periods. The findings reveal significant patterns in how successful non-profits leverage social media for crisis fundraising, demonstrating the crucial role of strategic digital communication in mobilizing resources for humanitarian causes. Based on these insights, the research proposes a comprehensive social model paradigm for non-profit organizations, providing practical frameworks for implementing effective social media campaign strategies. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on digital communication in the non-profit sector, offering valuable insights for organizations seeking to enhance their social media
Copyright (c) 2024 Seema Sangra, Dr. Lokesh Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Development of Journalism in the Face of Social Media - A Study on Social Media’s Impact on a Journalist’s Role, Method, and Relationship to the Audience
This article explores how social media has changed journalism, with a particular emphasis on how it has affected reporters' roles, techniques, and interactions with audiences. Social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have given journalists new opportunities as well as difficulties [1]. These platforms' introduction has sped up news cycles and moved the emphasis from in-depth reporting to quick, snappy content creation [2]. As a result of this change, journalists must learn to work in a faster-paced news environment and handle the challenges of information overload and source verification [vi]. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are used in this study. Ten journalists participated in in-depth interviews to collect qualitative data, which showed how social media has drastically changed traditional reporting practices by requiring a balance between accuracy and speed [12]. The spread of false information and the pressure to give sensationalism top priority in order to achieve high engagement metrics have been identified as major obstacles [13]. Variations in the frequency of audience interaction, the number of platforms used, and the reliance on social media for news sourcing are highlighted by quantitative analysis based on surveys of 250 journalists. According to the research, social media is heavily relied upon by journalists, with 27.2% of them utilising it for 41–60% of their news sourcing and differing degrees of audience interaction. "The ethical ramifications of social media in journalism are also examined in the study.'' While some journalists discover that social media improves audience engagement and speeds up the distribution of news, others worry about the detrimental effects on journalistic ethics and integrity. According to the study's findings, social media can increase interaction and immediacy, but it can also make it difficult to uphold ethical standards and accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ms. Ayushi Jain, Dr. Ashok Kumar Meena (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0