Indian Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism (IJMCJ)
The Indian Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism (IJMCJ) has ISSN 2583-0651 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical quarterly international journal, which is published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP) in March, June, September and December. Authors can electronically submit articles throughout the year using the Article Submission System. Authors can format their article either in (i) a single-column format or (ii) as per the journal template. The submitted articles should not have been previously published or are currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal does not accept brief or short notes for publication. The editors retain the right to reject any articles that lack quality or originality without sending them for review. All articles must fall within the journal’s scope and will undergo a double-anonymized peer-review process. Authors must confirm that they have read and understood the content of their submitted article and ensure that it meets acceptable English grammar and usage standards. To help with the proofreading process, authors can use tools like Grammarly or similar applications. As an open-access journal, authors must pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) to publish their articles and retain copyright. Additionally, authors should familiarise themselves with the editorial and publishing policies of the journal.
CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
Communication for SDG 3: An Analysis of Strategies and Campaigns of Developmental Agencies in Jharkhand
Effective communication techniques are crucial for promoting health and well-being in developmental efforts aimed at achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3), particularly in challenging states like Jharkhand, India. This study examines the communication tactics employed by a few Jharkhand-based NGOs and agencies to achieve the goals of Sustainable Development Goal 3, and explores potential implementation issues. The study uses a mixed-method approach and descriptive research design to interview representatives of specific NGOs (Breakthrough, Ekjut, Nischay Foundation, ASHA, CINI, UNICEF) in-depth. Qualitative insights into communication tactics highlight prevalent behaviours, obstacles, and outcomes. The results show that NGOs employ a range of communication tactics, including edutainment, community engagement, and the utilisation of both traditional and digital media. Participation in the community is essential for promoting trust and changing behaviour. Language differences, geographical restrictions, poor infrastructure, and cultural traditions that obstruct health education are among the top challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shreya Sinni, Dr. Rashmi Verma, Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Sameera Bhoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Revisiting a Controversial Cartoon: Aseem Trivedi’s ‘Wolf Capital’
This article is a close reading of a controversial political cartoon drawn by cartoonist Aseem Trivedi. It examines how the cartoon texts construct a discourse of resistance and also connect to other optical metaphors within the repertoire of Indian political and cultural sign systems. This critical reading reveals that cartoons are not only a communicative event but also a vehicle of collective memory.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lakshmi Prabha P (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cybercrime en Masse in the Digital India: A Case Study
Cyberspace is essentially a digital universe where people establish their online identities, and it has been expanding rapidly in recent years, mainly due to the widespread adoption of the internet and the rise of smartphones. What began as basic online activities, such as emailing and web surfing, has now grown to influence nearly every aspect of our daily lives, including how we communicate, bank, travel, and shop. The increase in smartphone usage has made the internet more accessible, leading to greater independence, new economic opportunities, and societal shifts. Government programs, such as the Jan Dhan Yojana, and the emergence of digital payment systems following demonetization have further advanced India’s journey toward a digital economy. However, this digital shift also brings with it a heightened risk of cybercrimes, especially since many users aren’t well-versed in technology. States such as Karnataka and Jharkhand have reported an increase in cyber offences, underscoring the pressing need for enhanced cybersecurity measures and improved digital literacy. This paper examines the growth of cyberspace, its societal implications, and the challenges we face in ensuring secure digital participation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Siddhant Chandra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Deconstructing Gender Stereotypes in Media: The Transformative Power of Media Literacy
The stereotypical perception of certain groups or communities has emerged as one of the most serious challenges in our multicultural, globalized society. While globalization has facilitated new economic opportunities and the free flow of resources, technology, ideas, and culture, market-driven consumerism has, on the other hand, narrowed human perspectives by promoting stereotypical projections and perceptions. This poses a significant obstacle to the development of a truly interconnected and inclusive multicultural world. The increasing stereotypical portrayal of men and women by the media remains a critical concern for society, and current trends suggest that such portrayals will persist in the long run. This article is a modest attempt to highlight the various gender stereotypes perpetuated by the media and explore the potential of media literacy in countering these stereotypes. Grounded in a qualitative approach, this study employs a Narrative Literature Review as its research method. The review synthesizes existing literature from multiple research databases, including JSTOR, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, and CORE.uk, offering a thorough, critical, and objective analysis of the topic. On the one hand, the study provides a comprehensive examination of the portrayal of gender stereotypes across various media platforms; on the other hand, it investigates the transformative potential of media literacy in challenging and counteracting these biased and stereotypical narratives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sameera Bhoi, Dr. Rajesh Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Stakeholders’ Views on the Media Authority Act 2013 on Freedom of Expression in South Sudan
This study critically explores stakeholders’ perceptions of the Media Authority Act 2013 and its influence on the state of freedom of expression in South Sudan. Despite constitutional and legal provisions that ostensibly protect media rights, concerns persist regarding the actual realisation of these freedoms in practice. The research was conducted to investigate the impact of the Media Authority Act on journalistic practices, regulatory autonomy, and public discourse, with a particular focus on how legal frameworks either promote or hinder freedom of expression. This study addresses a pressing issue in South Sudan’s democratic development, where media freedom is often caught between state control and civil society’s demand for openness and accountability. A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating qualitative data from 25 semi-structured interviews with journalists, civil society actors, media regulators, and government representatives, as well as quantitative data from surveys administered to 80 media practitioners across Juba, Wau, and Malakal. The analysis was guided by theories of media regulation and freedom of expression, particularly drawing from liberal democratic and critical legal theory. Findings reveal that while the Media Authority Act 2013 is framed as a regulatory mechanism to ensure professionalism and accountability in media operations, its implementation is often marred by political interference, vague legislative language, and inconsistent enforcement. Stakeholders reported a general lack of institutional independence, widespread fear of censorship, and restrictions on critical reporting, particularly on political and security issues. These challenges have led to self-censorship among journalists, limiting the media’s ability to serve as a watchdog of government activity. This study concludes that although the Media Authority Act has the potential to support a more structured media environment, its current application undermines the very freedoms it purports to safeguard. Reforming the Act to align with international human rights standards, coupled with building the institutional capacity and independence of regulatory bodies, is essential for fostering a free, pluralistic, and democratic media space in South Sudan. The research contributes to ongoing discussions on media freedom in post-conflict states and provides practical policy recommendations for promoting freedom of expression within fragile governance contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gai Peter Manyuon, Dr. Darius Mukiza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Imagining the Invisible: Menstrual Representations in Indian Television Advertising
This study examines the visual and thematic representation of menstruation in Indian sanitary napkin advertisements on television, broadcast between 2006 and 2024. With menstruation often treated as a cultural taboo in India, media representations—especially advertisements—play a crucial role in shaping public discourse and social attitudes. The research aims to explore how menstrual issues, myths, and realities are represented through symbolic imagery and narrative strategies in these ads. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study analysed 35 advertisements from Kannada and Hindi television channels. Quantitative analysis identifiesrecurring themes, emotional tones, and visual motifs, while qualitative content analysis and semiotic tools decode the underlying cultural and ideological messages. The research is anchored in feminist media theory and semiotics, drawing particularly on the works of Laura Mulvey, Judith Butler, and Roland Barthes to critique gendered messaging and mythmaking. The findingsreveal a dominant narrative pattern wherein menstruation is initially problematized—associated with shame, discomfort, or restriction—and then resolved through the sanitary product, which is portrayed as a liberating, empowering solution. While earlier ads relied heavily on euphemisms and sanitized imagery, recent advertisements show incremental shifts toward realism, including the use of red liquid and the depiction of stains. However, these gesturestoward destigmatisation often coexist with commercial imperatives that commodify empowerment and reinforce normative femininity. The study highlights the need for more inclusive and truthful representations that transcend symbolic performances to foster menstrual literacy, challenge taboos, and promote bodily autonomy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Geetha A J, Sanrita J Madtha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Judicial Discretion and the Death Penalty: Revisiting Bachan Singh in the Context of India and the U.S.
Judicial discretion in death penalty adjudication is inextricably linked with constitutional mandates, moral challenges, and international human rights norms. This study aims to undertake a critical analysis of the path of such discretion in the Indian legal tradition, particularly in the context of the jurisprudential shift indicated by Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980), which articulated the "rarest of rare" doctrine as a bulwark against arbitrary capital punishment. While the said judgment sought to establish principled checks, subsequent judicial perceptions have revealed contradictions, demonstrating the continuity of tension between normative principles and real adjudication. Employing a doctrinal research methodology, the study examines the theoretical underpinnings and functional efficacy of the Bachan Singh model. It supplements it with an empirical review of trial court sentencing practices. It also identifies procedural deficits that impede the doctrine's consistent application, such as incoherent sentencing and neglecting to consider extenuating factors appropriately. Moreover, with a comparative analysis of the capital sentencing system in the United States characterized by statutory limitations and jury participation—the study draws implications regarding the mechanisms through which controlled discretion can enhance transparency and reduce arbitrariness This paper finally calls for reviewing India's sentencing policy to include greater judicial accountability, implementation consistency, and compatibility with prevailing human rights standards. This paper contends that reforms are necessary to preserve the constitutional doctrine of substantive due process in capital cases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Priyadarshini, Sridevi S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of Fake News on Intolerance Among Socio-Economic Classes 3 & 4
The proliferation of fake news in the social media era has significant consequences for individuals, society, and democratic processes. Research has highlighted the detrimental effects of fake news on various aspects of society, including public opinion, political discourse, and individual decisionmaking. One consequence of fake news is the erosion of public trust in media and institutions. The finding reveals that fake news spreads much faster than credible information. This is a dangerous finding because, at best, fake news can spread false hope, and at worst, it can flare hatred and incite violence. A total of 100 cases of violations of religious hate speech were identified from the media studied in this research between 2022 and 2023. Regarding the religion involved in the cases, the Islamic denomination was predominant (32%), followed by Hindus (28%) and Catholicism (20%). Hate speech and incitement to violence were the most common topics (30%), although acts of discrimination and rejection (26%) and material damage or attacks on places of worship (19%) were also reported. The finding suggests that higher education students do not want to send fake news when they broadcast information. The finding also reveals that higher education students belong to many groups, and this does not affect the number of fake news stories because students conduct advanced research on the news and verify if it has a reliable source. Findings suggest that fake news and disinformation can subtly influence emotions and attitudes, potentially leading to behavioural consequences. The findings of the studies show that economic inequality is a potent enhancer of intolerance, inducing the escalation of out-group discrimination even without the presence of new intolerant mutants. Tolerance is positively associated with national-level economic prosperity, and this relationship is stronger for higher-income earners than for those with lower incomes. Individuals with job market insecurity and lower economic status (i.e., low income) are more likely to be more intolerant of people with different faiths. Once intolerance begins to act, it is almost unstoppable in the presence of inequality. The relationship between socioeconomic status, Misinformation, and intolerance is significant, as individuals from lower SES backgrounds are often at a higher risk of engaging in violent behaviour due to factors like poverty, lack of access to education, and limited economic opportunities. Lower family incomes of 30-60 K are more vulnerable to intolerance. Studies have shown a potential link between lower socioeconomic status (SES) and higher levels of intolerance, suggesting that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may be more likely to exhibit intolerance towards others, particularly when facing economic hardship or perceived threats from different groups; Digital media has also made it easier to spread misinformation that is many a times unverifiable. While name-calling, fake news, and other forms of low-level discourse and unethical political communication have always existed, social media has undoubtedly exacerbated these problems to a new level. The relationship between socioeconomic status, Misinformation, and intolerance is significant, as individuals from lower SES backgrounds are often at a higher risk of engaging in violent behaviour due to factors like poverty, lack of access to education, and limited economic opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Krishna Mohan Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Echo Chambers and Polarization: The Role of Social Networks in Shaping Beliefs in India
The rise of social networks has significantly influenced public discourse, contributing to the formation of echo chambers that reinforce ideological divisions. This study examines the role of social networks in shaping political and social beliefs in India. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this research integrates quantitative surveys with qualitative discourse analysis to assess the extent of polarization. Agendasetting theory and social identity theory provide the theoretical foundation for understanding how online communities amplify biases. The findings highlight how algorithmic curation, selective exposure, and group identity reinforce beliefs. The study proposes policy interventions to mitigate Polarization while fostering inclusive dialogue.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumana Mitra, Prof. (Dr.) Abhishek Das (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Role of ‘Unexplored Bastar’ in Strengthening the Socioeconomic Status of Tribal Communities: A Case Study Approach
A tribal community, an indigenous or aboriginal group, consists of people with common ancestry, cultural heritage, and often traditional lifestyles. These communities are distinguished by their unique social, linguistic, and cultural practices, setting them apart from mainstream society. Tribes typically have social structures, governance, and belief systems passed down through generations. In India, the socioeconomic status of tribal communities is influenced by historical marginalisation, geographic isolation, and contemporary challenges. These groups have historically faced discrimination, forced displacement, and exploitation, leading to a persistent socioeconomic gap. Their struggles are exacerbated by limited access to quality education, inadequate healthcare, and scarce employment opportunities. Traditional livelihoods, often tied to agriculture and forest-based activities, are becoming increasingly unsustainable due to environmental changes and modernisation. Unexplored Bastar is a travel startup based on a social entrepreneurship model in Bastar, Chhattisgarh. It focuses on sustainable tourism through a community-based approach, promoting the natural and historical sites of Bastar, as well as its rich tribal culture, both within India and internationally. Currently, Unexplored Bastar positively impacts the lives of over 200 tribal youth in Bastar. APS has trained around 240 local tribal individuals in the tourism and hospitality sector to improve their employment prospects, including hosting tourists in their homes, serving as local guides, and selling handicrafts to visitors. These local communities are the primary service providers for Unexplored Bastar, which implements various grassroots innovations. They organize themselves into Self Help Groups (SHGs) in Chitrakote, Tirtha, Dantewada, Palnaar, Phoolpad, Dholkal, and Barsoor. Consequently, Unexplored Bastar has created numerous sustainable employment opportunities for local tribal youth. This research paper examines the socioeconomic implications of the 'Unexplored Bastar' on the tribal community by analysing various activities and initiatives undertaken by the aforementioned independent organisation. Additionally, this case study will shed light on the future challenges and opportunities for growth and fostering tribal communities in various regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajkumar Das, Vivek Nema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Framing of Environmental News through Constructive Journalism in the Indian Context
Mainstream media often deem environmental news non-newsworthy owing to the lack of audience interest. This could be attributed to the lackadaisical treatment that environmental issues receive, which either presents these in an esoteric manner beyond audience comprehension or through non-engaging coverage to keep up with the bandwagon. The internet access boom has helped environmental groups and non-government organisations present and advocate for various environmental issues, including climate change. It would hold great significance for environmental communication research to study how these issues are being explored and the real-time impact and mobilisation of the audience. Constructive journalism is a growing field that addresses various social issues, including environmental concerns, through the lens of positive psychology and solution-based approaches. Its proliferation across new media platforms makes the scope of studying environmental issues more extensive. This study employs frame analysis to examine the frames employed in constructive environmental stories by media platforms, including The Better India and Mongabay India. A total of 285 stories between 2021 and 2022 were analysed using Nambiar’s typology of environmental frames, and it was found that constructive news elements in environmental stories may do well towards raising environmental consciousness among the audience and call to action.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lekshmi Priya Sanal, Prof. I Arul Aram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Era of Smartphone Journalism: A Shift in Media Dynamics
Smartphones have revolutionized journalism, rendering traditional tools such as OB vans and Live U machines obsolete. This paper examines the transformation within the media industry, highlighting the growing reliance on smartphones for news gathering, production, and broadcasting. With over 647.53 million smartphone users in India, leading Indian news channels, such as Aaj Tak, Times Now, and News18, have adopted smartphone journalism, utilising platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube to reach a broader audience. This study explores the impact of this shift on traditional journalism practices, the advantages and challenges posed by mobile journalism, and its implications for the future of the news industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Narmadesh Chandra Pathak, Amit Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Press Coverage of Corruption Scandal in Nigeria
Corruption scandals as reported by the selected papers, both news stories and feature articles were considered as the units of analysis. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the newspapers while stratified random sampling by days of the week to select the editions which amounted to 120 stories in the three newspapers. Moreover, the Issue-Attention Cycle Theory was used as the theoretical framework. The findings of the study indicated that Daily Trust, The Nation, and The Guardian newspapers had given prominence forming, 82.5% on the inside page of Daily Trust, 70% on the front page of The Nation, and 85% on the inside page of The Guardian. The study concluded that Daily Trust, The Nation, and The Guardian newspapers have substantially covered stories on corruption scandals within the period under review.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eric Msughter Aondover, Idris Mohammed, Omolara Oluwabusayo Akin-Odukoya, Omotola Ogunbola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perception of Women Towards Media Credibility in Creating Menstrual Hygiene Awareness: A Case Study in Vijayapura District
Menstruation is a biological process occurs in every woman’s body usually after 11 to 15 years of age. Particularly this age is beginning of a woman’s reproductive life. It is very important to maintain the hygiene related practices during the time of menstruation. The media establishes trust in specific brand products, encourages the use of hygienic products during menstruation, and maintains hygiene in washrooms and pertinent health services in both urban and rural areas. Exploratory research design has been used to analyze the selected problem. A structured questionnaire was prepared to collect data from the rural and urban girls. The sample was selected using a multistage sampling method. Specifically, respondents were chosen from thirteen talukas within the district: Vijayapura, Basavan Bagewadi, Sindagi, Indi, Muddebihal, Nidagundi, Talikote, Bableshwar, Tikota, Chadchan, Devar Hipparagi, Kolhar, and Almel. In each taluka, 30 respondents were randomly selected, resulting in a total of 390 respondents. Suitable statistical techniques such as: percentage, chi-square was used to analyze the data. The results of the study show that whereas traditional media such as newspapers and television continue to play a role, social media has emerged as the most powerful and credible platform in disseminating menstrual hygiene information. A great majority of respondents depends on social media for information; it shows the shift towards digital platforms in modern communication.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Tahmeena Nigar Sultana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Content Analysis of Hate Speech in the 2023 General Elections in Two Selected Newspapers in Nigeria
Hate speech is one of the communication challenges affecting the human society. Not restricted to any group, ethnicity or country, but rather a global mass phenomenon. Election is a common phenomenon where the masses raise accusative and provocative statements resultant to hate speech to individuals or specified groups. The research therefore aims to comparatively examine the prevalence of hate speech in The Nation and Vanguard newspapers. The study utilizes Agenda Setting and Framing theory in explaining the manifestation of hate speech during the 2023 general elections in Nigeria. Utilizing the content analysis, the study evaluates the manifestation of hate speech within the periods of six months (prior to election, during the election and after the election). The data was collected using the coding sheet and stratified sampling by days of the week was adopted. A sample size of five hundred and thirty-six (536) news on hate speech was analyzed in the two newspapers. Based on the findings, it was discovered that the two newspapers under study reported a high level of hate speech cases published prior to the election than during or post election time with 71.2%. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the media should strive to raise awareness about the consequences of hate speech during elections in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eric Msughter Aondover, Timothy Ekeledirichukwu Onyejelem, Collins Sopuruchukwu Iloanya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effectiveness of ‘Instagram’ on the Patronage of Commercial Organizations
Instagram, a popular social media platform with over a billion active users, has become a powerful tool for commercial organizations. Its visual-centric format, engagement features, and advertising capabilities provide businesses with unique opportunities to attract and retain customers. This analysis explores the effectiveness of Instagram in driving patronage for commercial organizations. Instagram has proven to be an effective platform for driving patronage for commercial organizations. Its visual-centric approach, robust engagement tools, and targeted advertising capabilities enable businesses to increase brand awareness, engage customers, and drive sales. However, success on Instagram requires a strategic approach, continuous effort, and adaptability to platform changes and audience preferences. By leveraging Instagram’s unique features and maintaining authenticity, businesses can significantly enhance their patronage and overall success. This study employed Uses and Gratification Theory and the survey method was used in the study. The population of this study consists of students of Caleb University. As such, the total number of students in Caleb University is 3000. The sample size selected for this study is Six hundred (600) and purposive sampling technique was adopted to select Six hundred (600) sample size. The findings of the study show students use Instagram for several purposes. It was also observed that the students assess the Instagram network in various ways and with different gadgets. The study concludes that the students pay a moderate level of attention to Instagram asthisindicated that there was less addiction level by the students to the platform.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omolara Oluwabusayo Akin-Odukoya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Resistance of Peaceful Expression in India: Implication on the Future of India
The right to free speech stands as a cornerstone of democratic societies. This paper aims to assess the pivotal role of freedom of the press in India, tracing its historical evolution from pre- to post-independence and highlighting its significance in the country's journey towards sovereignty. Through an analysis of legislative interventions, historical milestones, and contemporary challenges, the paper sheds light on the struggles and triumphs of the Indian press in upholding democratic values. Utilizing a library-based research approach, supplemented by online sources, the study investigates the current state of press freedom in India and its implications for democratic governance. Case studies are presented to illustrate the credibility crisis facing Indian media and the threats posed to journalistic integrity. Drawing upon landmark judicial precedents and historical narratives, the paper underscores the indispensable role of a free and independent press in safeguarding democratic principles and fostering informed citizenship. It concludes by advocating for the preservation of freedom of expression as a fundamental human right essential for the vitality of democratic societies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hassan, Pallavi Kumaria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Wrong use of Feminism on Social Media Platforms
This work explores the pervasive misappropriation of feminism on social media platforms. It delineates how feminism is often misrepresented, diluted, and commodified for commercial gain, leading to a shallow understanding of its core principles. Furthermore, it discusses the propagation of toxic femininity under the guise of feminism, the polarization of discourse, and the neglect of intersectionality. By examining these issues, the abstract underscores the detrimental impact of the wrong use of feminism on social media, emphasizing the need for critical engagement and inclusive dialogue to reclaim the movement's integrity and effectiveness. A survey has been conducted based on Google form of 50 questions among the common people for the identification of the opinions of people on the negative aspects that social media has on the promotion of feminist theories among the common people. The survey has helped in the identification that to some extent social media is responsible for the misinterpretation of feminist theories among the population. Thus, it is essential to take steps to make just use of the platform for spreading the ideas of feminism and equality among genders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Santanu Tanti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sabarimala Shrine Verdict: Dissensions & Repercussions
The concept of westernization, democratization and modernization has been arrogated by India superficially but when it comes to its real application, our rigid customs, suppositions, superstitious beliefs always supersede. India is a divine-vibrant land of mixed cantons, religions, cultures and traditions and hence it come becomes imperative to be prejudice-free in order to become a fairer society. The nation where both god and goddesses are equally venerated, it becomes unjust to deny the entry of an individual in the temple based on gender. This case note will provide an analysis of the Sabarimala verdict in legal and social context. It will also outline the subsequent ramification of the said decree. The present case examines the justification for disallowing pilgrimage to the women of menstruating age to the Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple and encapsulates in brief the rationale behind the judgment of the Supreme Court for allowing women to enter the shrine.
Copyright (c) 2024 Riya Gulati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Over-the-Top Platforms' Impact on Traditional Entertainment in India
India's entertainment industry has undergone a profound transformation with the rise of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, reshaping content production, distribution, and consumption. This study investigates the impact of these platforms on traditional entertainment, specifically television and cinema, within India's rapidly evolving digital landscape. OTT platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Hotstar have introduced a paradigm shift, offering audiences flexibility, personalized content, and diverse options accessible across devices. The research focuses on key questions, such as the specific changes in viewing habits and consumer behaviors and traditional entertainment providers' strategies to stay relevant. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with industry professionals and surveyed OTT consumers to provide both qualitative and quantitative insights. The study highlights that the shift towards OTT platforms is driven by factors such as convenience, technological advancement, and a preference for on-demand, personalized content. Additionally, the findings suggest that traditional entertainment models are experiencing unprecedented competition, compelling industry players to innovate their approaches in alignment with changing consumer demands. This analysis offers practical recommendations for traditional media companies, outlining adaptive strategies and potential avenues for collaboration with digital platforms. The results contribute to a broader understanding of the cultural and economic implications of OTT platform growth in India, offering strategic insights for stakeholders navigating this complex transition.
Copyright (c) 2024 Royce Paul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Implications of Virtual Classroom Management: A Review of Challenges and Prospects
The COVID-19 pandemic has revolutionised the traditional educational system, requiring schools and universities to implement virtual classrooms as a viable way of continuing operations. This shift has presented several challenges to classroom management, yet it also presents educators with new prospects for engaging their students in the virtual learning space. This review assesses the implications of virtual classroom management, its relevance to current educational practice, and offers strategies for successful implementation. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and prospects of virtual classroom management. While the challenges are significant, the potential of virtual classrooms to create meaningful learning experiences is undeniable. It must be harnessed by schools and universities if educational outcomes are to be achieved in the post-pandemic environment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Muhammad Suleiman, Surajo Musa Yakubu, Safiyanu Sulaiman Saleh, Haruna Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social Media as a Tool for Fundraising: Analysing the Strategies of Indian Non-Profits During Covid-19
This research examines the transformative role of social media in non-profit organisations' fundraising strategies during crises, focusing on Indian NGOs' digital adaptation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a detailed examination of two prominent Indian non-profits—The Akshaya Patra Foundation and Give India—this research employs content analysis and explanatory case study methods to analyze the effectiveness of social media in fundraising efforts. The study examines how these organizations adapted their digital communication strategies to engage stakeholders, raise awareness, and generate funds through crowd funding initiatives during the pandemic. The research methodology combines quantitative content analysis of social media campaigns with qualitative assessment of stakeholder engagement patterns to validate how social media content supports fundraising efforts during crisis periods. The findings reveal significant patterns in how successful non-profits leverage social media for crisis fundraising, demonstrating the crucial role of strategic digital communication in mobilizing resources for humanitarian causes. Based on these insights, the research proposes a comprehensive social model paradigm for non-profit organizations, providing practical frameworks for implementing effective social media campaign strategies. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on digital communication in the non-profit sector, offering valuable insights for organizations seeking to enhance their social media
Copyright (c) 2024 Seema Sangra, Dr. Lokesh Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Development of Journalism in the Face of Social Media - A Study on Social Media’s Impact on a Journalist’s Role, Method, and Relationship to the Audience
This article explores how social media has changed journalism, with a particular emphasis on how it has affected reporters' roles, techniques, and interactions with audiences. Social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have given journalists new opportunities as well as difficulties [1]. These platforms' introduction has sped up news cycles and moved the emphasis from in-depth reporting to quick, snappy content creation [2]. As a result of this change, journalists must learn to work in a faster-paced news environment and handle the challenges of information overload and source verification [vi]. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are used in this study. Ten journalists participated in in-depth interviews to collect qualitative data, which showed how social media has drastically changed traditional reporting practices by requiring a balance between accuracy and speed [12]. The spread of false information and the pressure to give sensationalism top priority in order to achieve high engagement metrics have been identified as major obstacles [13]. Variations in the frequency of audience interaction, the number of platforms used, and the reliance on social media for news sourcing are highlighted by quantitative analysis based on surveys of 250 journalists. According to the research, social media is heavily relied upon by journalists, with 27.2% of them utilising it for 41–60% of their news sourcing and differing degrees of audience interaction. "The ethical ramifications of social media in journalism are also examined in the study.'' While some journalists discover that social media improves audience engagement and speeds up the distribution of news, others worry about the detrimental effects on journalistic ethics and integrity. According to the study's findings, social media can increase interaction and immediacy, but it can also make it difficult to uphold ethical standards and accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ms. Ayushi Jain, Dr. Ashok Kumar Meena (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Journalism and Advancing Human Rights: Suo Motu Cases in India
Journalism plays a pivotal role in advancing human rights. Newspapers and media not only make citizens aware of human rights, they are also key in reporting incidents of violation of these rights. In India, this journalistic responsibility is heightened manifold with the suo motu cognizance afforded through the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). Applying suo motu, the NHRC issues orders and acts without being petitioned. As such, newspapers and media in India have the capacity to not just increase public awareness but also lead to direct remedial action. In this paper, NHRC suo motu cases registered in the study period of five months from April 2024 to August 2024 are examined. This includes a total of 65 eligible cases, of which 60% stem from 7 newspapers and 40% from 21 additional newspapers. Nearly three-quarters - 48 of the 65 - cases are reported from 7 states. The cases cover hazardous and illegal employment, rape and sexual offences, medical issues, negligence and mismanagement by authorities, police mistreatment, and other incidents. Four illustrative cases of deaths filed within the NHRC suo motu cognizance are presented in detail, reflecting the nature and content of grievances of human rights violations in India. These include sewer deaths, suicide due to police harassment, a police custody death, and death by electrocution. By understanding suo motu cases in the human rights context in India, journalists can gain perspective on their role in advancing the dignity of our society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Azadeh Changrani-Rastogi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Media Framing of COVID-19 Crisis in Print Media
Since the coronavirus outbreak, the Media houses have focused on the health crisis fittingly. The news of the pandemic spread faster than the virus itself. The impact of media does not only originate with what information is being disseminated but also how it is framed. It gives Mass Media the credit for forming Public Opinion. This study aims to determine and compare the dominant frames in coverage of COVID-19 news. Based on readership and popularity, two English and two Hindi newspapers are selected. The study, descriptive in nature, uses Content Analysis as a tool of analysis. With the deductive approach, the researcher considered pre-determined frames (extracted from the previous literature) analyzed and compared the stories according to them. The time frame of this study was two months, starting from April 1, when the second wave in India intensified, to May 31, 2021. The unit of analysis included all articles, features, and columns published within the time frame. It was discovered that the Hope frame (18.4%) and Fear frame (16.8%) dominated the overall study. It was also found that there were similarities and differences in framing used by both English and Hindi newspapers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Afroz Yunus Khan, Prof M. Shafey Kidwai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of Commercialization on Our Culture: with Special Reference to Popular Indian Festivals
The intertwining of commercialization and culture is a complex process that shapes how society functions and evolves. Culture, with its multifaceted elements such as language, customs, values, and art, is a dynamic force that constantly interacts with the economic forces of commercialization. This paper deals with the study of " Impact of Commercialization on Our Culture: With Special Reference to Popular Indian Festivals," as commercialization has reshaped how we celebrate our festivals. One of the most noticeable impacts of commercialization is the commodification of festivals. Many festivals have become lucrative business opportunities to promote and sell their products. This is evident in the extensive marketing campaigns, sponsored events, and influx of consumer goods during festive seasons. While this has injected economic vitality into local markets and industries, it has also led to concerns about diluting the festivals' original cultural and spiritual essence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mr. Vivek Nema, Prof. Manisha Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Underexplored Synergy: Cinema as an Ally to the World Wars
This research explores the connection between The Great Wars and Cinema, examining how these major conflicts influenced and were influenced by the film industry. Beginning with an introduction to the causes and triggers of the wars, it traces the evolution of cinema from the pre-war era through the changes brought by the wars. The study focuses on the interdependent relationship between War and Cinema, highlighting how major participating countries used films for propaganda, morale-boosting, and ideological dissemination. As cinema became a dominant art form in the entertainment industry, it had significant socio-economic impacts, influencing national economies and public sentiment. The study also delves into the birth of "German Expressionism," a film technique that emerged in response to the societal trauma of the wars and significantly impacted modern cinema. This movement's distinct visual style and thematic depth continue to influence filmmakers even today. Additionally, the study examines the perspectives of civilians and soldiers on cinema during wartime periods, revealing how films served as both escapism and a reflection of reality. Through various case studies, the study illustrates cinema's role in shaping and reflecting the collective consciousness during these pivotal historical moments. This exploration offers valuable insights into how The Great Wars reshaped the landscape of cinema and left a lasting cultural legacy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dharun Manikandan Srinivasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Usage of Technologies: Essential in Leading to Up-gradation of overall System of Education
In educational institutions of all levels, all the members, irrespective of their job positions in the hierarchy are making use of various types of technologies. The individuals in leadership positions, administrative staff members, technical assistants, librarians, educators and students are making use of various types of technologies. As a consequence of making use of these, the job duties and responsibilities can be put into operation in a well-organized and satisfactory manner. The internet is a prominent source that is utilized on a comprehensive basis. Hence, the utilization of different types of technologies is regarded as vital in doing well in one’s job duties and generating desired outcomes. Furthermore, these are facilitating in leading to up-gradation of overall system of education. Hence, in order to be successful, it is necessary to acquire an efficient understanding of all types of technologies. Furthermore, one will be able to lead to up-gradation of motivation and concentration levels towards tasks and activities. In addition, honing of confidence levels is essential in doing well in one’s job duties and generating desired outcomes. One of the important aspects is, individuals should not be overwhelmed by the feelings of apprehensiveness and vulnerability. In this manner, they will be able to overcome all types of impediments. Therefore, it is well-understood, usage of technologies is essential in leading to up-gradation of overall system of education. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, understanding the meaning and significance of usage of technologies, understanding the technologies utilized in educational institutions and benefits of technologies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Radhika Kapur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Understanding the Meaning and Significance of Home-Schooling
The main objective of this research paper is to acquire an efficient understanding of home-schooling. Home-schooling is referred to when learning takes place within homes of the individuals. The educators are called within homes and they put into practice different types of teaching-learning methods in order to promote student learning. Furthermore, both educators and students need to possess satisfactory amount of teaching-learning materials in order to promote student learning. Furthermore, they need to make sure, the students are able to benefit from different types of instructional strategies. With the advent of technologies, the educators are making use of different types of modern, scientific and innovative methods and materials. These are facilitating in doing well in one’s job duties and generating desired outcomes. On the other hand, students need to ensure, they carry out their job duties and responsibilities in accordance to the expectations of their educators. In this manner, they will be successful in the achievement of different types of educational goals. Hence, it is understood on a comprehensive basis that home-schooling has been facilitating in augmenting information among students in terms of various types of academic subjects and lesson plans. One of the major benefits is, giving of personal attention by educators to the students is facilitating in achievement of different types of professional goals. Hence, in the present existence, the private tuitions are organized within homes. Therefore, home-schooling is in terms of one or more students. They usually feel comfortable, when they are working from the comfort of their homes. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, understanding the meaning and significance of home-schooling, measures to be put into operation in making home-schooling successful and advantages of home-schooling.
A Study on How Social Media FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) Impacts the Gen Z Audience
Generation Z, or Gen Z, refers to people born between 1995 and 2010, often known as "zoomers," the first generation to fully embrace the internet. This paper focuses on the impact of socialmedia-induced Fear ofMissing Out (FOMO) on Generation Z, blending with the characteristics of digital nativity and extensive engagement with social media platforms. Fear of Missing Out, or FOMO, was uniquely introduced in 2004 with the rise of social networking sites. It centers on anxiety and how, for Gen Z, this plays a pivotal role in making one feel absent from rewarding experiences. This study delves into the effects on mental health, psychological well-being, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. It explores social media analytics regarding usage, compulsive checking, behavioural consequences, following trends, and real-life social interactions. The findings highlight the need for strategies to mitigate FOMO's adverse effects, promoting healthier social media habits and fostering a more balanced approach to digital consumption.
Copyright (c) 2024 Debangana Chakrabarti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0