Indian Journal of Structure Engineering (IJSE)
The Indian Journal of Structure Engineering (IJSE) has ISSN 2582-922X (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical half-yearly international journal, which is published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP) in May and November. Authors can electronically submit articles throughout the year using the Article Submission System. Authors can format their article either in (i) a single-column format or (ii) as per the journal template. The submitted articles should not have been previously published or are currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal does not accept brief or short notes for publication. The editors retain the right to reject any articles that lack quality or originality without sending them for review. All articles must fall within the journal’s scope and will undergo a double-anonymized peer-review process. Authors must confirm that they have read and understood the content of their submitted article and ensure that it meets acceptable English grammar and usage standards. To help with the proofreading process, authors can use tools like Grammarly or similar applications. As an open-access journal, authors must pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) to publish their articles and retain copyright. Additionally, authors should familiarise themselves with the editorial and publishing policies of the journal.
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Study the Effects of Using Jute Fiber and fly ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in m25 Grade Concrete Properties
Because regular concrete uses a lot of cement and emits a lot of CO2, it has an adverse effect on the environment. This makes it necessary to look into sustainable alternatives. This study looks into improving the mechanical qualities of M25 grade concrete while lessening its environmental impact by partially replacing cement with fly ash and jute fiber. Jute fibers and fly ash, a pozzolanic byproduct of burning coal, were added in different amounts to test the strength, durability, and microstructural qualities of the finished concrete. The mechanical properties of concrete mixtures with different fly ash and jute fiber ratios were the subject of experimental study. The best mixture, which included 5g of jute fiber and 30% fly ash, outperformed regular concrete by achieving the highest compressive strength at 28 days (34.28 MPa). The identical combination captured the most elevated tensile strength (4.32 MPa) and flexural strength (5.35 MPa) after 28 days. The maximum compressive strengths of the concrete with 15% fly ash and 7.5g of jute fiber were 28.86 MPa and 22.20 MPaat 14 and 7 days, respectively. The tensile strength of the concrete showed continuous improvements, reaching its peak at 28 days (3.82 MPa). Tests for resistance to sulfate attack and chloride permeability further validated the modified mixes' enhanced performance. According to the study's findings, the ideal mixture of 70% cement, 30% fly ash, and 5g jute fiber significantly improves compressive, flexural, and tensile strength, offering a viable substitute for the manufacturing of concrete in a sustainable manner.
Different types of Strength Compressive Strength
Copyright (c) 2024 Khyati Varshney, Divyanshu Dev, Rohit Ralli, Shobha Ram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Revolutionizing Structural Engineering: A Review of Digital Twins, BIM, and AI Applications
The structural engineering industry is at a pivotal juncture, driven by the integration of cutting-edge digital tools that are transforming traditional design, analysis, and construction practices. This review provides a comprehensive examination of three major technological advancements—Digital Twins, Building Information Modeling (BIM), and Artificial Intelligence (AI)—that are reshaping the landscape of structural engineering. By synthesizing recent research and case studies, we assess the current applications, benefits, and challenges associated with these technologies, along with their synergistic effects when used in tandem. Digital Twins enable real-time data monitoring and predictive analysis, allowing for enhanced lifecycle management and operational efficiency of infrastructure systems. BIM improves design coordination and collaboration, reducing errors and optimizing resource allocation throughout the project lifecycle. AI, meanwhile, introduces powerful data processing capabilities, enabling predictive maintenance, design optimization, and automated decision-making processes that enhance both safety and performance. Our findings indicate that while these technologies offer immense potential, there are significant implementation barriers, including data privacy concerns, high initial costs, and the need for skilled labor capable of managing complex digital tools. Future directions emphasize the need for standardized data integration protocols, advancements in digital twin modeling for structural health monitoring, and a push toward AI-driven automation in structural analysis and safety inspections. This review provides insights for engineers, researchers, and industry stakeholders aiming to leverage these technologies to achieve more sustainable, efficient, and resilient structural systems, ultimately guiding the field of structural engineering into a more digital, data-centric future.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mr. Girmay Mengesha Azanaw (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Application of Tuned Mass Damper to Mitigate the Vibration of the Structure
A Structural Engineer's principal responsibility is structural design. The design of essential building elements and components is the fundamental principle of structural engineering. The multistory structures are made to save money by expanding the building's floor size without expanding the surrounding land area. Low absorption value, lightweight, flexible, and higher buildings are the result of recent construction trends. During the vibrations the possibility of failure and problems with serviceability will be raised . Tuned mass dampers, or TMDs, have popular device for reducing these lateral vibrations during the earthquake and wind load . The present research uses a Response Spectrum Analysis of a realistic building model with TMD and without TMDs to assess the efficacy of TMDs in vibration management. Important Parameters such base shear, storey drift, maximum displacement, etc were examined. The results show that When actual earthquakes occur in buildings with TMD, there is a noticeable decrease in displacement and Storey Drift,etc values. Buildings that use TMD is better able to withstand the effects of earthquakes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Divyanshu Dev, Rohit Ralli, Shobha Ram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of High-Rise Building Shapes on Wind Flow Characteristics and Energy Potential
In recent years, wind energy has become a potential source of low carbon energy. The shape of a building is a significant factor in aerodynamics, providing an opportunity for wind power control and wind energy proliferation. This research project aims to study the design of high-rise buildings and investigate how wind affects energy absorption by developing an aerodynamic optimization procedure (AOP) and using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in COMSOL Multiphysics. This study aimed to optimize the building shape for wind energy exploitation. Optimizing the building shape in the early stages of design enables the control of wind-induced loads and responses and reduces the energy demand in high-rise buildings, where resource consumption is higher than that in low-height buildings. This study used a three-dimensional CFD simulation of wind loading on tall buildings to optimize the building shape. This research will provide valuable insights for architects, engineers, and building developers to design and optimize high-rise buildings for wind energy exploitation, reduce the carbon footprint, and improve the energy efficiency of buildings.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ehsan Mokhtari, Amir Hossein Jafari, Roslina Sharif, Wan Srihani wan Mohamed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Improvement of Bituminous Pavement by Adding Waste Plastic
The present paper reports the results of a study undertaken to determine the physical properties of aggregates, 80/100 grade bitumen, optimum bitumen content by using Marshall mix design, optimum plastic content and also to compare the results with plain mix.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Md. Imran Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Study of Building Response on Adoption of NBC105: 2020 and IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016
Nepal suffered a massive loss of life and property from Gorkha Earthquake in 2015AD. Many building structures were either partially or fully damaged and most affected were classic buildings and monuments which were constructed without any design consideration and didn’t pose any resistance during the earthquake. After, a broad study and hazard analysis of earthquakes, the Nepal government concluded that the construction methods needed to be revised. The first building regulation in 1994AD known as NBC: 105: 1994 was drafted after the earthquake in 1988 in the eastern part of Nepal. Moreover IS 1893 (Part 1) and IS 13920 codes are still used widely for earthquake resistance design and detailing. But now the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) has introduced an updated building code of practice NBC 105: 2020 for earthquake-resistant design. In this paper, an effort is done to analyse and compare the effects on buildings of 2-Storey and 3-Storey under the application of IS and NBC code. Equivalent static analysis was carried out with the help of ETABS v19.1.0 and the parameters like base shear, storey displacement and storey drift under both codes are compared. The analysis result shows that the response of building subjected to NBC: 105: 2020 exhibits higher storey responses compared to IS 1893: 2016. Also, the NBC code demands a higher percentage of reinforcement requirements compared to IS code.
Copyright (c) 2024 Basanta Adhikari, Ashish Poudel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Parametric Stability Analysis of a Thin Shell Structure Under Own Weight
In this study, the internal forces, parametric stability and free vibration of elliptic parabolic shell analysis are performed by theoretical and finite element methods. Geometrical and material linearity is considered in modeling and analysis of the structure. Theoretical analysis is done by shallow shell theory and the finite element analysis is carried out by using DLUBAL RFEM 5.3.1. Theoretical formulas in this study are coded by the MATLAB program. The parameter considered thickness, dimension, radius of curvature, modulus of elasticity and side height of the shell for determining the critical buckling load and thickness for free vibration. The internal forces, displacement, critical buckling load and free vibration analysis of result in the study presented graphically and discussed in detail. The result of the finite element analysis is then compared with the theoretical analysis results.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tamirat Kebede (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of Strong Column Weak Beam for a Six-Story Residential Building According to Indian Code
Ductile design and detailing provisions were revised in 2016 by the Bureau of Indian Standards. It introduced Strong Column Weak Beam Provision (SCWB) for beam-column joint. In this paper, an attempt is done to investigate the influence of SCWB provision on the Longitudinal Rebar Quantity (LRQ) of typical columns i.e. Corner Column, Edge Column, and Middle Column on seismic Zones III, IV, and V for six-story buildings. Story-wise variation reached a maximum from 100% to 200% in the 4th and 5th story whereas overall variation was observed from around 50% to 80% in LRQ of the column while considering SCWB over the conventional technique of column design. Finally, the study concludes that the requirement for design strength ratio i.e. Beam column capacity ratio has resulted in excessive quantity of rebar and thereby increasing its cost specifically for the residential buildings and apartments of smaller heights.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ashish Poudel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of the Strain-Stress Behavior of the loess Soil and Its Numerical Modeling by ABAQUS
This research aims to conduct a laboratory study to clarify the behavior of creep in Loess soils with the change of moisture content and applied stress. Soil was brought from Joseh area (southwest of Homs city), and its main properties were determined, after that a series of tests (time dependent deformation) were carried out for the Loess soils within the unconfined compression test. The results showed that the change of moisture content and applied stress on sample have a significant effect on the properties of Creeping of Loess soils, and the deformations that occurred are instantaneous deformations at the moment of load application, and creep deformations that begin with the passage of time. Creep deformations can be divided into three stages: primary creep, stable creep, and accelerated creep. The deformations were evaluated using the Singh-Mitchell theory, and the results showed that the Singh-Mitchell theory fits well the description of deformations over time for Loess soils, where the relative error between the largest and smallest value did not exceed 15%.ABAQUS program was used to numerically describe the creep behavior of Loess soils using the Singh-Mitchell theory .The results showed that the Singh-Mitchell theory within the ABAQUS program gave more accurate values than the computational Singh-Mitchell theory, and the reason is that because of the program contains multiple parameters that describe well the properties of elasticity, plasticity and viscosity for any natural body.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ali Al-abdullah, Najla Al-hassan, Mohammad Eid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Micro Structural Properties of Ternary Blended Concrete
The sum of CO2 that has been released into the atmosphere is roughly equal to the amount of cement produced. Cement manufacturing now consumes many natural resources and cement substitute materials in the analysis of Micro Structural Properties of Ternary Blended Concrete. The mixed proportion in this analysis is made of M30 Concrete. The cement is substituted with a mixture of two materials in amounts ranging from 10% to 50%. For the mix of materials, Fly Ash is kept constant. The specimen is a 150mmx150mmx150mm cube, and the concrete is cast in a 150mmx300mm cylinder. The cast specimens are held for 28 days to cure. Compressive and split tensile strength tests are used to achieve the results. The combination at 10%, at 20%, at 20%, and 20% produced better strength results in all proportions from 10% to 50%. Besides, scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to understand better phase changes and the formation of microstructures to maturing the combination of materials at various percentages. SEM was used to evaluate the microstructure of the concrete for five different varieties, which helps with solid growth. With the highest compressive strength gained among all the mixes from 10% to 50% with combinations for M30 grade of concrete at 28 days, significant innovative information on particle shape and microstructure was observed. Via SEM study, a good correlation of this Microscopical quantitative knowledge and material properties is also presented.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gomasa Ramesh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Study on Strengthening of Concrete Structures
Concrete is the most commonly used building material due to its high strength, moldability, weather-resistant, and fire resistance, among other benefits. In recent years, there has been a growth in the usage of Micro Silica fume. Through the Ore sand Bridge building, records show that Micro Silica was used in the concrete. These fabrics are not only environmentally sustainable, but they also have technological advantages on both new and hardened mortar products. Both goods are agricultural by-products, but their usage decreases the amount of primary raw materials removed from the earth. Latent hydraulic content is micro silica fume and fly ash. It has intrinsic cementation effects, which must be activated. Combining the powder with Portland cement is a popular way to achieve these results. Pozzolana is the name given to pulverized fly ash. These materials may not have intrinsic cementation properties, but a cementation substance is created when mixed with a high alkaline material.
Any mode of transportation that is green and has a low environmental effect is considered sustainable transportation. It’s all about juggling our immediate and longterm interests when it comes to transportation. Rolling, riding, transit, carpooling, car sharing, and electric cars are also examples of urban mobility. Transportation is the single greatest cause of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Everyone can further reduce their adverse consequences by opting for efficient transportation instead of driving a vehicle. Transportation emits around a quarter of all pollution, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. The typical automobile emits 4,720 kg of CO2 , 186.6 kilograms of CO, 28 kilograms of VOCs , and 25.6 kilograms of NOx.
Analysis and Optimization of Hybrid Soil Properties for Gel Based Roof Tiles
Our current 21st century has seen more drastic changes in terms of environmental conditions due to global warming, climate change and deforestation. This has shown a great rise in the global temperature throughout the world. Normally, the roof top of a building is provided with tiles to protect the structural components and to create a comfortable environment. The tiles can be made of materials like clay, concrete, fly ash, lime etc. Due to the prevailing environmental challenges, there is a need for the tiles to be made as with more energy efficient material that supports thermal insulation and cost effectiveness. Aerogel and hydrogel are the gel based product that are used in our current work to enhance the thermal insulation property of the tiles. Various tests such as water absorption test, wet and dry cycle test, bending strength test, thermal conductivity test, wear and tear test are carried out on the tile to quantify its characteristics. All the above shows better value than the normal commercial tile product.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anuja Narayanan, Ashok K, Prasanth B, Sukil Saravanan R (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Slope and Landslide Stabilization: A Review
Slope stabilization is the one of important fundamental aspect for preventing landslides. For a safer design of the structure, slope stabilization is very important. There are various studies conducted on slope stabilization and landslide mitigation. Geotechnical Engineers and Structural Engineers play an important role in analyzing and designing slope stabilization and landslide mitigation and prevention. This study is also helpful for the design of slopes. The study also helps for quick assessment of slopes. This paper also explained stabilization methods and techniques for slope. This study is also helpful in improving the shear strength of the slope of soil. This paper helps to understand basic knowledge on slope stabilization and landslides for every Engineer easily.
Self-compacting Concrete is one of the new innovative types of concrete, and it is used widely in the construction of several industries. This type of concrete can be made by using different admixtures and their combinations. The main aim of the SCC is to improve the durability of the concrete structure and also improves the workability of the concrete structure. Nowadays construction of large structures, it isn’t easy to compact the reinforced concrete without voids. This can be overcome by using self-compacting concrete. This type of concrete does not require compaction. So, it is one of the significant advantages of the concrete structure and saves time and energy. This Review paper explains self-compacting concrete and its advantages and uses, and applications of SCC. This paper helps to an understanding about self-compacting concrete.
Geopolymer Concrete is a new innovative type of concrete, and it is used widely in the construction industries. This type of concrete comes into place due to reduced cement content usage in the construction of structures. Already we are using cement as a binding material widely in the construction sector, but the problem is due to the cement content Co2 emissions are mainly produced and one more problem is greenhouse gases are increasing rapidly during the manufacturing of cement. Then after a lot of researchers, finally we got a geopolymer as a replacement for cement. By replacing cement content with geopolymer, we can reduce the cost of construction and reuse the structural materials. So, this type of concrete is different from standard conventional concrete. We can minimize Co2 and greenhouse gases’ problem in the atmosphere and make the structure an environmentally friendly solution. So, this type of concrete is very famous in the construction industry, and there are benefits also excellent. So, it can be used widely in construction sectors worldwide. This paper may help understand Geopolymer Concrete for everyone quickly. It gives a quick review of the Geopolymer Concrete.
Low Carbon Buildings for Sustainable Constructions
Greenhouse gases emissions are very important for every structure and environment. Greenhouse gases are increased now a days due to changes in climatic conditions by involving human activities in the last decades. In this main contributor is carbon content and carbon dioxide and methane in the environment. The main solution is to limit the changes in the climatic conditions. To reduce the use of carbon emissions in construction of Buildings and construction of Industrial structures. Structures which are made from timber and steel are produce less carbon and greenhouse gases compared to the concrete and steel structures. By using reused and recyclable materials we can reduce the carbon footprints and greenhouse gases as well as to develop low carbon materials. We need to design low carbon buildings to avoid climatic changes in the environment. Which will be give renewable performance. This paper gives a knowledge and help to reduction of carbon footprints on buildings. The main concept of this paper is reducing the emissions and reduce the carbon footprints and increase the life of the structure and to make the structure sustainable.
Analysis of Concrete Block by Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash
The objective of this research is to enhance the properties of concrete by using Fly Ash as a partial substitution of concrete. Tests carried out on cement are Initial and Final setting time and on aggregates, specific gravity and sieve analysis. The mean target strength with given compressive strength at 28 day and quality control level is calculated. Concrete blend proportions for the first tryout mix is calculated and casting of cube of 15mm size with curing for 28 days, and then test for strength using UTM/CTM machines. C-S-H gel as well as Calcium hydroxide as bi product when reacts with water. C-S-H gel has an ability to keep the ingredients together by making a proper bond whereas lime which is freely available can react with atmospheric moisture and cause efflorescence. In such cases if we use fly ash, it reacts with free lime and produces C-SH gel again and water as bi product. We have used Fly ash as a partial replacement of cement with variation of fly ash in percentage. In this study fly ash add in increment of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% replacement of cement which has shown satisfactory results in the strength of the concrete. Fly Ash improved the workability of the concrete, decreases the bleeding, surface finish and increases the cohesiveness. Compressive strength is comparatively increased. The initial strength of concrete with fly ash has lower strength but acquires higher strength after 56 days; which shows that more the nos. of curing days more will be the strength. Thus, it can be used in areas of construction such as dams, pavements etc.
Copyright (c) 2024 Vidya Sagar Khanduri, Shivek Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pervious Concrete is a new type of concrete used widely in the construction industry. It has good physical and also mechanical properties, and it gives good strength. It is used mainly in the water management of the system. So, by using this application, concrete is very famous. There are many advantages to using pervious concrete, and compared to regular conventional concrete, it has some special properties. The special property of permeability. In this transfer or transmission of air or water into the soil or system. This paper author mainly explains the importance and uses, and advantages of Pervious Concrete and explained the Materials used for pervious concrete. This type of concrete is firstly used in Europe afterward, and it can be widely used as construction materials for structures. This paper may help understand Transparent Concrete for everyone easily. It gives a quick review of the Pervious Concrete.
Transparent Concrete is a new type of Concrete used widely in the construction industry. It has good properties, and it gives a good appearance and architectural design. In this one of the more critical properties is light transmission. So, by using this application, Concrete is very famous. There are many advantages to using LTC, and compared to regular conventional Concrete, it has some special properties. The special property of lightning occurs due to the presence of optical fibers. This paper author mainly explains the importance and uses, and advantages of Transparent Concrete and explained the Materials used for LTC. This paper may help understand Transparent Concrete for everyone easily. It gives a quick review of the Transparent Concrete.
Importance and Applications of GIS in Engineering
Site selection is very important for any construction of structure and management. The appropriate site selection gives very good life and durability to the structure. Site selection is also improving quality of the structure and life of the structure. So, site selection is very important in of structures. In this, Geographic information system is a tool used for site selection of structure. Geographic information system is used to analyses and manipulate the spatially referenced data. It is also known as remotely sensed data or information. Geographic information system is giving a better output with in short period of time. So Geographic information system is most widely used now a days around the world. In recent developments attribute data are analysis by using Geographic information system. The selection of site depends on soil conditions, environmental conditions, weathering agencies etc. so proper planning and design of site selection is very important to make a structure in long life and increase the life span of the structure.
Study on Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foam Concrete
Foamed concrete is a special type of concrete and it can be used widely in construction of reinforced concrete structures. this study is very helpful for understanding about foamed concrete and mechanical properties of foamed concrete. Lot of researches are going on concrete material and finally we got foamed concrete. It has lot of advantages compared to conventional concrete. Fluidity and Flowability is very good in the foam concrete. It can be used for low cost of construction of structures. It has high properties and advantages compared to conventional concrete. Manufacturing and Production of poly urethane is very simple and easy. because of their low density it can be used for low-cost construction works. Weight of the concrete is also less compared to other conventional concrete.
Flexural Behaviour of FRC Beams Wrapped With FRP
Structural elements such as beams, slabs and columns may require strengthening during their service life period. A concrete structure may need strengthening for many reasons such as to increase live load capacity, to add reinforcement to a member that has been unsigned or wrongly constructed. The FRPs have various advantages like, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and ease of installation and flexibility in its use. FRP material which are available in the form of sheet are being used to strengthen a variety of RC elements to enhance the flexural, shear and axial load carrying capacity of these elements. The objective of this experiment is to strengthen the RC beams using fibres and FRP sheets in flexure. In this experimental program CFRP and GFRP sheets were applied to the bottom surface and sides of the concrete beam with different configuration and their performance in flexure were studied. In this experimental program eight RC beams of size 1500 x 150 x 200mm were casted with two 10mm dia. bars as tension zone, two 8mm dia. bars as compression zone and 8mm dia. bars @ 200mm c/c spacing as shear reinforcement. The experimental result shows that the flexural strength of FRP wrapped beams were increased in the range of 23.49% to 67.9% in comparison with the flexural strength of the control beam (unwrapped). The flexural strength of the beam wrapped with the single layer CFRP at the soffit and around the sides (for full depth of the beam) and beam wrapped with the single layer GFRP at the soffit and around the sides (for full depth of the beam) exhibits better performance compared with other FRP beams and increase in flexure was 67.9% in comparison with the capacity of the control beam.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Md Imran Khan, Prof Aajid Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of Rail Structure Interaction on Double-Decker integrated bridge with Metro and Highway Structure
In the metro rail system, Long Welded Rails (LWR) have been used for less maintenance, smooth & safe ride at higher speeds. The arrangement of connecting rail and deck system causes an interaction effect in force transfer. The study of this effect in the structure is Rail Structure Interaction (RSI) analysis. In this study, the behavior of double-decker integrated structure, rail stresses and relative deformation are studied due to the bending behavior of the deck, bearing articulation & support stiffness with the proposed geometrical arrangement of the bridge and applicable loading as per standards. The effect of RSI analysis and limitations of additional stresses are referred with the guidance of UIC standards & RDSO guidelines. The double-decker elevated viaduct structure is proposed with a first level highway deck carrying highway loading and second level metro system carrying metro loading. In highway bridge deck, the decks are proposed with four span continuous to avoid discomfort due to more number of expansion joints and thereby provide smooth riding for passengers. The effect of RSI is studied in this paper by considering the above complexity of two-level superstructure with a different type of superstructure at the metro level due to the track requirement like U girder deck system at each track, I girder deck system as a single deck for both the tracks at the cross over / pocket track locations and I girder deck system at highway level with deck continuity. A finite element analysis is performed using the analytical tool MIDAS CIVIL software to study the interaction mechanism for this double-decker bridge structure. For this study, rail and deck (unballasted) are linked with a multilinear elastic spring as recommended in UIC 774-3R and other boundary conditions as per IRS & IRC standards. This paper discusses the behavior of structure from the results of the rail stresses and forces to the substructure due to thermal and live load effects at both level Metro Rail system and Highway Road systems.
Copyright (c) 2023 Tamilselvan M, Koventhan V, Gananadh Chundi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0