Indian Journal of Social Science and Literature (IJSSL)
The Indian Journal of Social Science and Literature (IJSSL) has ISSN 2583-0643 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical quarterly international journal, which is published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP) in March, June, September and December. Authors can electronically submit articles throughout the year using the Article Submission System. Authors can format their article either in (i) a single-column format or (ii) as per the journal template. The submitted articles should not have been previously published or are currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal does not accept brief or short notes for publication. The editors retain the right to reject any articles that lack quality or originality without sending them for review. All articles must fall within the journal’s scope and will undergo a double-anonymized peer-review process. Authors must confirm that they have read and understood the content of their submitted article and ensure that it meets acceptable English grammar and usage standards. To help with the proofreading process, authors can use tools like Grammarly or similar applications. As an open-access journal, authors must pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) to publish their articles and retain copyright. Additionally, authors should familiarise themselves with the editorial and publishing policies of the journal.
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Türkiye’s Post-Assad Strategy: An Analysis of its Evolving Geopolitical Posture in Syria
The fall of Bashar al-Assad's government in December 2024 is widely viewed as a crucial turning point in the Syrian conflict. The fall opened a new period of political alignments and regional contestation. In this context, Türkiye has been seen as one of the most crucial external players shaping Syria. This article examines Türkiye's strategy in post-Assad Syria by analysing the evolution of its geopolitical posture. The article argues that Türkiye has transitioned towards a dual strategy that combines security engagement with political, economic, and institutional mechanisms oriented towards shaping and defining Syria’s postconflict order. Drawing on regional power theory, the article analyses three key dimensions of Türkiye’s evolving posture: security and territorial influence, political and institutional engagement, and economic and reconstruction leverage. The article contends that Türkiye’s approach reflects a pragmatic recalibration rather than a withdrawal, positioning Ankara as the most important actor in determining Syria’s governance and regional alignment in the near future. By moving beyond an intervention-centric analysis, this study contributes to the emerging literature on post-Assad Syria. It offers insights into the changing nature of the influence of the regional powers in the Middle East.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rayees Yousuf Mir, Mohammad Shahnawaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dreams as the Language of Emotional Neglect: A Freudian Reading of David Small’s Stitches
This research focuses on the dreams depicted in David Small's graphic autobiography, Stitches, to explain the long-term psychological impacts of child emotional neglect and the ways to overcome them. The primary objective is to comprehend all types of emotional damage caused by neglect, particularly how these wounds are portrayed through the graphic novel’s style. Emotional neglect is not merely an abstract conceptualization but rather a condition that has been discussed and analyzed in Small’s life, characterized by specific traits such as the silent treatment, no acknowledgment, and an extended interval of emotional dormancy, among others, which manifest as manifestations of such neglect. A qualitative, interpretive approach is employed in the research, analyzing selected dream sequences in the memoirin accordance with Sigmund Freud’s dream work and wish fulfillment theories. This study employs an analytical framework based on Freud’s notions of displacement and symbolic transformation to examine how Small’s unconscious mind transforms fear, anger, and longing into visual metaphors. Through illustrations, this study examines the mechanisms of the protagonist’s psychological development, which is affected by the suppression of emotions. The study ultimately maintains that the primary reason for analyzing Stitches is that the autobiography demonstrates that emotional neglect often produces unarticulated psychological effects, and that comic book stories possess the power to reveal such invisible injuries. This research, which utilizes dream interpretation as a means of visualizing the unconscious, highlights the similarity between Stitches and the metamorphosis of voiceless pain into a readable and self-healing narrative.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Sharunydevi P., Dr. Reshmi K. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physical Education and Holistic Development: A Study of Social and Emotional Development among School Students
Physical education supports students' holistic development by promoting teamwork. It is significant for students' social and emotional development. Through physical activities and sports, students develop cooperation, communication, resilience and self-esteem. Physical exercise helps reduce stress, maintain discipline in their lives, and make them emotionally stronger. Physical education helps students' social development through teamwork, cooperation, social interaction, building strong bonds, accepting diversity, and respecting all fellow students. Physical education fosters students' holistic development by improving self-confidence and enhancing cognitive skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Neha Rani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sex Education in Greece and Europe: Transformations and Developments in Sex Education
Sex education is a fundamental pillar for promoting health, human rights, and social equality. The purpose of thisstudy is to investigate sexuality education in Greece and selected European countries comparatively, highlighting differences in the legal frameworks, content, and implementation. The research was based on a qualitative comparative analysis of official legislative and educational documents, guidelines from international organisations (WHO, UNESCO, IPPF EN, European Parliament), and scientific publications from the period 2015– 2025. Data were collected on the age of initiation, bindingness (mandatory or not), content (biological, social, emotional, rightsbased), teacher training, and observed outcomes (e.g. teenage pregnancy rates). The findings show that Northern and Western European countries(Sweden, the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark, Norway) have developed holistic, mandatory sex education programs that begin in preschool or early school age and combine scientific knowledge with values of respect, consent, and equality. In contrast, Greece and othersouthern or eastern countries present delayed or fragmented implementation, as sex education remains pilot or depends on the teacher. Cultural, religious, and institutional factors limit the uniform implementation and appropriate training of teachers. Comparative analysis clearly shows that programs that start at an early age, are mandatory and include psychosocial skills, achieve a significant reduction in teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.In contrast, where sex education is fragmented, knowledge gaps and increased risks for adolescents are observed. In conclusion, Greece is called upon to align with European standards by including comprehensive sexuality education in the compulsory curriculum from an early age, with continuous teacher training and students' accessto reliable information. Such an approach can substantially promote the physical and psychosocial health of young people and build societies based on knowledge, respect and gender equality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Donika Preci, Dr. Petros Karkalousos, Dr. Athanasia Varvaresou, Maria Trapali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Reelocene Epoch: Digital Mimesis and the Erasure of Cultural Idiom in Kashmir
This study presents the concept of the Reelocene epoch, characterised by excessive consumption of short-form videos, or reels, on popular platforms such as TikTok, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat, with a primary focus on Kashmir. The research examines how local youth, observed in educational settings, are captivated by visual media without recognising its infectious influence on local culture and identity formation. This Reelocene commodifies culture, ruptures the localised value system, and incorporates alien cultural elements that render vulgarity and obscenity aesthetically pleasing. The study uses the conceptual frameworks of cultural capital (Bourdieu) and hyperreality (Baudrillard). The research also examines the capacity of reels to engage teenagers effectively while standardising their use as a factor in cultural exclusion and inclusion. The preference for the influencer or celebrity's verbal expressions, style, and tastes, regarded as culturally superior, contrasts sharply with the local cultural norms, perceived as inferior, and is examined in detail through the observed behaviour of participating students. The study ultimately argues that Reelocene not only endangers culture but also supplants it with its own norms, language, and regulations, posing a threat to the local context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ghulam Mohammad Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Short Study of the Immediate Impact of the Dobbs v Jackson Decision in the United States of America
This study examines the immediate legal, social, and medical repercussions of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022), the U.S. Supreme Court decision that overturned Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992). By removing federal constitutional protection for abortion and returning regulatory power to individual states, the Court’s ruling redefined reproductive rights in the United States. The paper outlines the legal rationale of the majority opinion authored by Justice Samuel Alito, which rejected abortion as a constitutional right under the Fourteenth Amendment, emphasising that it was not “deeply rooted in the Nation’s history and tradition.” It criticizes the Court’s application of stare decisis and its narrow historical interpretation, arguing that the decision disregarded nearly fifty years of established precedent and scientific evidence submitted through amicus briefs by major medical organisations. The essay situates Dobbs within broader political and social contexts, analyzing public opinion polls, the role of “trigger laws” across 26 states, and the growing disparities in healthcare access. Drawing on contemporary reportage and academic commentary, the aim is to demonstrate how the ruling has exacerbated maternal mortality rates, criminalized medical professionals, and disproportionately harmed marginalized women, discriminating on the lines of color and socioeconomic status. The discussion explores global implications, emphasising how Dobbs undermines international reproductive rights recognised by the World Health Organisation. The paper concludes by ascertaining how the Dobbs decision represents a regressive turn in American constitutional and healthcare jurisprudence. It shows how the decision restricts not only reproductive autonomy but also destabilises the ethics of medicine, transparent data gathering processes, and patient care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Debjani Dutta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Aata Saata Marriage Custom in Rajasthan: A Cultural Practice of Reciprocity and Social Solidarity
The Aata Saata marriage custom in Rajasthan originated as a traditional practice involving the exchange of goods, primarily food items such as wheat (aata) and salt (satta), between the families of the bride and groom. This custom symbolizes the union of two individuals and reflects the social, economic, and cultural dynamics of Rajasthani society. The present study examines the origins, cultural significance, and contemporary relevance of the Aata Saata marriage custom in Rajasthan. It analyses how the practice fosters social relationships, reinforces community bonds, and facilitates the economic and social integration of newlyweds. In recent times, however, the custom has evolved to involve the reciprocal exchange of brides between families. For instance, when a marriage is arranged between a boy and a girl, the bride's family may require that the groom's sister marry the bride's brother. This practice, also referred to as Aata Saata, is now primarily associated with the exchange of girls in marriage. Using qualitative research methods, this study highlights the evolution of the custom and its ongoing significance in contemporary Rajasthani communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dheeraj Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Acquisition of Education: Vital in Promoting Enhancement of Living Conditions
The primary objective of this research paper is to understand the importance of acquiring education. Individuals from all occupations, communities, and socio-economic backgrounds have recognised the meaning and significance of education. Education not only imparts information in terms of academic subjects and lesson plans, but also in terms of the skills necessary for emerging as moral and ethical human beings and productive citizens of the country. In the personal and professional lives of individuals, they are required to utilise various types of competencies and abilities. Hence, by enrolling in educational institutions at all levels and acquiring education, one can contribute effectively to augmenting competencies and skills. Educators are implementing various teaching and learning methods, materials, and instructional strategies in a manner that facilitates the achievement of educational goals and contributes to the improvement of the overall education system. Furthermore, in academic institutions at all levels, information is generated regarding various factors necessary for improving overall personality traits and standards of living. Therefore, it is understood on a comprehensive basis that acquiring education is vital in promoting the enhancement of living conditions. The main concepts considered in this research paper are understanding the meaning and significance of acquiring education, measures to be implemented to facilitate its acquisition, and the advantages of acquiring education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Radhika Kapur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AI and The Human Brain: Cognitive Transformation Across Time
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become deeply embedded in daily life, profoundly influencing human cognition and behaviour in both short-term and long-term interactions. This paper synthesises findings from over 20 peer-reviewed studies to examine the multifaceted effects of AI on attention, memory, decision-making, emotional responses, and social behaviour. In the short term, AI enhances efficiency through cognitive offloading and personalized assistance but may impair sustained attention, encourage over-reliance in decision-making, and alter emotional engagement. Long-term exposure raises concerns about neuroplasticity, with studies suggesting potential cognitive atrophy in memory and critical thinking due to reduced active engagement. Additionally, AI-mediated communication may erode social skills and empathy, while habitual dependence could impact mental health and autonomy. Ethical considerations, including algorithmic bias and data privacy, further complicate the societal integration of AI. The review highlights a critical duality: while AI optimizes productivity and learning, unchecked reliance risks diminishing intrinsic cognitive abilities and human connection. Recommendations include balanced AI usage, neuroadaptive strategies, and ethical frameworks to safeguard cognitive and behavioral well-being. Future research must prioritize longitudinal studies to unravel lasting neural and psychological impacts, ensuring AI’s evolution aligns with human flourishing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. (Dr.) K. P. Yadav, Dr. Sandeep Kulkarni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Counting to Zero: How Caste Census Navigates the Contradiction of Recognition and Annihilation
This article examines the multifaceted dimensions of the caste census debate in India, exploring the paradoxical nature of counting caste in a society that aspires to transcend caste divisions. Drawing on historical analysis of colonial census operations and contemporary case studies from Bihar and Telangana, the study navigates the complex intersection of social justice imperatives, constitutional principles, and political realities that shape this controversial demographic exercise. The research examines how modern caste enumeration evolved from colonial administrative practices and analyses the methodological, ethical, and legal challenges associated with contemporary efforts to count caste. While proponents argue that comprehensive caste data is essential for evidence-based policy interventions to address persistent socioeconomic disparities, critics contend that such enumeration risks reinforcing the very social divisions it aims to overcome. The article pays particular attention to recent state-level caste surveys and their implications, including the Bihar High Court judgment that reaffirmed constitutional limits on reservation policies despite the availability of demographic data. Through this analysis, the study reveals how caste census initiatives embody a fundamental tension between recognition and transcendence—between acknowledging caste as a persistent social reality requiring measurement and the ultimate goal of creating a society where caste no longer determines life opportunities. The article concludes by proposing a balanced approach that reconciles data collection with constitutional values, emphasising methodological rigour, transparency safeguards, and a multidimensional understanding of social disadvantage that can guide India's path toward meaningful social equality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paladugula Dhanraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Augmenting Skills and Abilities: Essential in Leading to Progression of Individuals and Communities
From the stage of early childhood, throughout an individual's life, they need to develop various types of skills and abilities. These are applied in both personal and professional lives. Individuals need to utilise these in a well-organised and regimented manner. Furthermore, they need to lead to the upgradation of traits such as morality, ethics, diligence, and conscientiousness. These are the traits that facilitate success in all types of job duties and responsibilities, as well as achieving desired goals and objectives. Furthermore, individuals will render a significant contribution in meeting the expectations of family members, educators and employers. Hence, within personal lives, as individuals pursue educational programs and implement job duties in various types of employment settings, they need to emphasise the development of different skills and abilities. The individuals carry out this task on their own or obtain help and support from family and community members. Educators and employers are individuals who contribute effectively to the upgradation of various skills and abilities among individuals. Furthermore, honing listening skills facilitates the augmentation of knowledge and understanding adequately. Therefore, it is widely understood that enhancing skills and abilities is crucial for the advancement of individuals and communities. The main concepts considered in this research paper are measures to be implemented in augmenting skills and abilities, as well as the advantages of augmenting skills and abilities.
Digital Transformation and Changing Environment of Trust in Administration: A Study of Selected Public Sectors
India's Digital Public Infrastructure, comprising prominent tools such as Aadhaar, Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Digital Payments, and Digilocker, is collectively referred to as "Stack India". Digital India aims to provide much-needed impetus to the nine pillars of growth sectors, i.e., Broadband Highway, Universal Access to Mobile Connectivity, Public Internet Access Scheme, and electronic administration: Government Reform through Technology, e-Kranti - Providing Electronic Services, Information for All, Electronic Manufacturing, IT for Jobs, and Early Harvest Programs. The term "digital transformation" has become popular to refer to the shift from digitalisation initiatives to a comprehensive overhaul of rules, procedures, and services aimed at simplifying user experiences for residents and frontline employees [1]. The paper's main objectives are to determine the relationship between bureaucratic corruption and digital transformation, and to identify factors that IT experts must adequately address to encourage the use of Digital means. The study shows that digitally connecting and offering services online has been the biggest accomplishment of Digital India. Nowadays, many internet services related to financial inclusion, education, health, and agriculture are accessible nationwide. Initiatives such as eNAM (National Agriculture Market), eSanjivini, DIKSHA (digital infrastructure for knowledge sharing), and Common Service Centres (CSCs) have given India a genuine sense of empowerment. Corruption and a bureaucratic mindset persist as obstacles to digital transformation. It has been observed that corrupt practices persist even after public services were digitised, and that digital services are insufficiently effective in addressing them [2]. It remains challenging to institutionalise new information systems, technologies, norms, practices, and other innovations that enhance planning, governance, operational effectiveness, and service delivery in the public sector. Participation of people in online services, having Knowledge and skills to use online services, significant use of ICT Technologies, IT laws, online Services, infrastructure for online services, and efficiency and transparency in online services increase trust in the Indian Administration. Analysis shows that corruption is prevalent in the public sector. Efficiency and transparency in online services have increased due to digital transformation. People participate less in online services due to network problems, illiteracy, lack of IT skills, and infrastructure challenges. An online survey was conducted using Google Forms to gather data from the education, health, and MSME sectors. The purposive sampling method was used to collect data. Three hundred ninety replies representing the broader population's viewpoint are gathered.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. (Dr.) Meenu Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
African Organised Crime, Transnational Crime and Terrorism: Assessing Areas of Convergence in Operational/Organisational Methods
Organised criminality in its various forms and sizes — mafias, syndicates, criminal gangs, cartels, cybercrime operators exploring internet spaces, or terrorists — has since the new millennium globalised in its operational and organisational structure, warranting the kind of robust scholarly research. Organized crime and terrorism in general have designated the African society with pigmentation of economic disorganization, erosion of moral and social values, and near state failure status. African organised crime, transnational crime, and terrorism are examined in the theoretical context of this work, including the 'strain of anomie', subcultures, and social disorganisation theory, to identify similarities in dimensions, culture, structure, and operational methodologies with similar crimes in the developed world. Additionally, to explore the dynamics of safety nets that African states and societies can leverage for their security. The study employed a time series research design and utilised secondary data collection through documentary review research, examining data from published materials such as books, journals, and memoirs. The theoretical study yielded results indicating that terrorism and African organized crimes are products of social structure, which emphasizes economic success – 'pathological materialism,' and the erosion of values and legitimate social constraints means to acquiring wealth. Findings also reveal a significant impact of organised crime on governance processes, the rule of law, and the overall economic structure and development. Furthermore, it is discovered to harm the law enforcement and judicial systems of states, especially in issues related to cross-border criminal networks. The study concludes that, besides the synergy of organisation that exists in criminal behaviour among organized crimes and terrorism, African organized crime is incubated within the environment of a poor governance system and social disorientation.
Convergence and Divergence in the Organisational Methods of Crime
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Tunde Agara, Dr. Cyriacus, Ndukwe Ike, Dr. Esuga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
China's Growing Engagements with Africa: Challenges and Prospects
This article assesses China's evolving role in Africa, examining whether its influence comes from soft Power, complex power strategies, or a combination of both. As China's demand for resources increases due to its fast-growing economy, the Chinese government has strengthened its engagement in Africa through investments in mining, oil, telecommunications, and infrastructure. These strategies have started a global debate, with critics accusing China of exploiting African resources and imposing neo-colonial debt traps. Employing a dual lens of soft Power and complex strategy, this article investigates China's diplomatic, educational, and humanitarian initiatives alongside its increasing military and economic presence in the region. It assesses China's self-presentation as a peaceful and cooperative partner, in contrast to its geopolitical ambitions, which are reflected in military expansion and resource extraction. By underlining China's multifaceted dominance in cultural exchanges, infrastructure projects, and military operations, this paper examines whether China's presence in Africa promotes genuine development or imposes its economic and strategic control. The findings suggest that China uses soft and hard strategies to secure its interests in Africa while promoting cooperation. Nonetheless, African nations must exercise caution, considering the long-term implications of their interactions with China.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gaurav Pathak, Dr. Santosh Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Psychosocial Impacts and Coping Strategies Among Caregivers of Children with Specific Learning Disabilities
Caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, which include Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD), face various challenges. Objective: The study aimed to assess the psychosocial impacts and coping strategies employed by these caregivers. Methodology: For this study, the researcher employed a mixed-methods research strategy and a descriptive research design. Non-probability snowball sampling was used as a sampling method. Using the snowball sampling technique, 100 caregivers of children with SLD were interviewed. Primary data was collected from respondents. The interview was the method of data collection. The collected data were analysed and interpreted in relation to the study's objective. Findings: A significant majority (83 per cent) reported a ‘markedly increased’ fear. Fifteen per cent experienced a ‘slight increase’ and only 2 per cent reported ‘no change’ in fear regarding their child with SLD. Twenty-three per cent of caregivers experienced a ‘markedly increased’ loneliness. In comparison, 64 per cent of caregivers reported a ‘slight increase’ in the feeling of loneliness, and 13 per cent reported ‘no change’. There was also a significant change in worry about the future due to the child's poor academic performance. There was also a change in social connectedness, and the respondent also faced social stigma. It was found that the respondents coped with the situation by performing daily puja rituals and withdrawing socially to avoid negative comments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shailza Bharti, Digvijoy Phukan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determinants of Household Food Waste in Varanasi: A Socio-Behavioural Analysis
Food waste is an increasingly critical issue, particularly in urban households, where it intersects with concerns of food security, environmental sustainability, and public health. In Varanasi, India, a densely populated and culturally diverse city, household food waste presents a unique challenge due to varying socio-economic conditions and traditional food practices. This study focuses on the role of women in managing household food, aiming to understand the types and quantity of food wasted and the socio-behavioural factors contributing to this issue. It further explores how targeted educational interventions can help reduce food waste. The primary objective is to analyse patterns of food waste in Varanasi households and investigate the socio-economic and dietary factors influencing waste generation. Additionally, the study evaluates the effectiveness of educational interventions in reducing food waste and fostering behavioural change. To assess the pre- and post-KABP (Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices) on food waste among the women in the households (HH) 2. To measure food waste in households. To educate the women of the household on the interconnection between food waste, climate change, food insecurity, and malnutrition. The study involved women aged 18 to 49, including those who were pregnant or lactating, from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The Kuppuswamy socio-economic scale was used to classify participants, while a structured KABP questionnaire was administered both before and after the intervention. Food waste was measured over three consecutive days using labelled trash bags provided to each household. Participants were then provided with practical information on portion control, reuse of leftovers, and sustainable food practices through handouts and discussions. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse changes in behaviour and food waste patterns before and after the intervention. The study found an average household food waste of 1 kg per day in Varanasi, with lower-middle-class households generating the most due to poor food management. Following the intervention, food waste decreased by 20%, with over 80% of participants showing a decrease improvement in portion control and the reuse of leftovers. However, behavioural changes related to meal planning and composting remained limited, indicating a need for ongoing support and infrastructure development. Socio-economic status emerged as a significant determinant of food waste patterns. Educational interventions effectively increased awareness and reduced food waste by approximately 20%, underscoring the importance of communitybased efforts. Socio-economic challenges and infrastructural limitations remain barriers. Scalable policies and sustained educational campaigns are necessary for the broader adoption of sustainable practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Preksha Porwal, Neeral Gupta, Radhika Rateria, Dr. Dharmapuri Raghunatha Rao, Dr. Anusha Priyadarsini. K (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Children Beyond Childhood in a Rural Community of India
Child labour is a significant issue in rural India, where lack of education, social norms, and poverty push children into premature work, depriving them of their rights and opportunities. For many young people, adolescence is marked not by opportunity but by challenges such as poverty, limited access to education, and the burden of premature responsibilities. Although for many children, the transition from infancy to adolescence is often shadowed by financial difficulties and early responsibility, it should be a period of learning, growth, and opportunity. While numerous provisions of the law and international treaties protect children's rights, millions of children still work in dangerous jobs that take away their fundamental rights to education, health care, and a good upbringing. This study examines the impact of child labour on the physical, mental, and educational well-being of children, using Bagru, Rajasthan, as a case study. Findings highlight safe working conditions, limited access to education, and poor healthcare. Effective policy interventions, improved educational infrastructure, and community support are essential to breaking this cycle and ensuring children's rights are upheld. At the same time, awareness projects should be established in conjunction with community-driven initiatives to create a lasting impact. A multi-pronged approach is necessary to protect children and secure their future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Priyadarshini Purohit, Sanya Khanna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exploring the Influence of Appreciation and Effective Communication on Marital Happiness Among Working Childless Individuals
Marital happiness reflects the individual’s subjective evaluation of one’s well-being or satisfaction within the context of the marriage relationship. Although having kids is often considered a factor in determining the happiness of married couples, the current research aims to explore the influence of appreciation and effective communication on the marital happiness of childless married individuals. This research paper investigated happiness among childless individuals and the role of gratitude and effective communication in cultivating happiness within their marital relationship. The paper also examined the role of relationship duration (years of marriage) on marital happiness. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 individuals who were childless. Through thematic analysis, six major themes and 11 sub-themes emerged. It was found that there are individual differences in showing appreciation; however, the subtle ways of demonstrating appreciation, as well as proficient communication from the other partner, shaped the overall happiness within the marital partnership. Despite the emotional and social problems faced by these individuals, the positive and constant support upheld their relationship in thick and thin. Variation was found in the expression of appreciation and communication among partners. By examining the lived experiences and perceptions of childless couples, this research highlights the importance of gratitude and effective communication in fostering long-term satisfaction. It would also provide practical strategies for cultivating thriving relationships in contemporary society, offering valuable insights into achieving happiness in relationships, regardless of whether one has children or not.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ms. Yogita Shrivastava, Prof. (Dr.) Anviti Gupta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis of Right to Rest & Leisure among Migrant Construction Worker
Throughout his lengthy career, the author has worked with migrant construction workers and has seen firsthand the many issues they encounter, including ongoing Right to Rest and Leisure. Consequently, he was compelled to meticulously investigate their plight after retiring and doing his doctoral studies on the hardships & human rights violations of migrant construction workers. It is believed that a systematic sociological analysis of the situation regarding the Right to Rest and Leisure is necessary to bring it to the consideration of policymakers. The problems faced by migrant construction workers are a concern of social relevance that requires the attention of all concerned for the well-being of workers and the development of society. This article reviews the outcomes of earlier field studies and examines relevant national and international laws and acts through a literature review. He further analysed the Right to Rest and Leisure in earlier studies, drawing on his long personal experience and the outcome of observational research conducted by him in Labour Chowk, Greater Noida, India. Migrated construction workers experience numerous health problems due to improper rest and Leisure, constituting a significant life stressor. These are positively correlated with illnesses, according to several studies. Previous research indicates that human rights abuses, especially those related to the Right to Rest and Leisure, continue despite measures outlined in the Indian Constitution, international treaties, and the country's efforts. At the end of the article, the Author also identified specific suggestions based on the analysis for the wellness advocacy of Migrant Construction Workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 C Janarthan, Dr. Ahrar Ahmad Lone (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Neorealism and its Domestic Burdens in Raymond Carver’s “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love” and Ann Beattie’s “The Lawn Party”
Minimalism, as a literary movement in the 1970s United States, attracted considerable attention due to its use of sparse descriptive prose and the collective foregrounding of language and reflexivity. This seemingly new fiction is addressed in this paper by scoping a short story production from doyens of this genre, namely Raymond Carver and Ann Beattie. This paper will focus on the ingrained commentary on the inner lives of characters as they come to terms with a new socio-economic way of being, and how their daily flaws and frailties contribute to a new narrative structure and a constant awareness of self. Carver’s meditation on city life and the layers of that old emotion of love is as relevant today as its influence on the writing of its time. Beattie’s fractured telling of the realities and little pleasures of a disconnected family speaks to the tonal and multimodal representation of craft, language, and the use of irony. Together, these two tales may be said to have built up a deceptive profundity which turns out to be a swift yet sanguine meditation on the mundanities and intimacies of a newly awakened life and audience. Kim Herzinger’s arguments about the relative selfreflections and highly conscious use of prose in this new fiction provide the critical background needed to situate these texts, enmeshed with the contrastive narrative strictures discussed by Lee Konstantinou vis-à-vis the postmodern problem. James Nagel’s records of the changes in American short fiction post-Civil War and its subsequent history of moving from realism to something by a reified minimalism are also drawn upon to show how Carver and Beattie serve as examples of journaling the minutiae of sensible lives in an often-insensible generational epoch.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Debjani Dutta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pluralization in Barman Thar: An Endangered Language
This paper examines the process of pluralisation in Barman Thar, an endangered language of Assam. This study aims to investigate the morphological and syntactic mechanisms involved in marking plurality in Barman Thar. The data collected for this paper are based solely on primary data gathered through fieldwork in Khoirabari and Tangla, located in Udalguri and Baksa districts of Assam. Singulars are unmarked in Barman Thar, and plurals are marked by suffixes like -taŋ and -phara, both of which are lexically and morphologically conditioned. Other syntactic categories, like numerals and reduplications, are also involved in forming plurality. Tibeto-Burman features, such as copula-drop and the lack of subject-verb agreement, can also be observed here. This paper not only attempts to investigate the Pluralisation process in Barman Thar but also supports the effort to revitalise this endangered language by documenting morphosyntactic patterns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Primly Baruah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Contribution of Ahilyabai Holkar in the Domain of Education and Social Welfare
This research paper examines the contribution of Ahilyabai Holkar, the 18th-century queen of Malwa, to the fields of education and social welfare. The study aims to understand how her reforms challenged patriarchal norms embedded in Dharmashastra texts, such as the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga, which traditionally limited women's roles in society. Using a qualitative research methodology, the study employs a comparative analysis and a literature review of historical texts, government records, and scholarly sources. This study uses a qualitative research approach to gain a nuanced understanding of the available literary, historical, and archival sources. This method helps in interpreting the prevalent social norms and cultural features of her kingdom. The comparative method helps distinguish her administrative policies and governance from those of other rulers of that era. It explores how Ahilyabai Holkar’s governance prioritized inclusive education and public welfare (Mulye, 2024). She established numerous Pathshalas (schools) for both boys and girls, extended support to widows, and implemented development projects in “healthcare, water management, and infrastructure”. The research reveals that Ahilyabai’s leadership challenged the prevailing gender ideology of her time. Her actions reflected a vision of ethical governance that combined administrative strength with moral responsibility. She demonstrated that a woman in power could lead effectively while promoting social justice and empowerment (Chandel, 2023). The significance of this lies in its emphasis on Ahilyabai Holkar’s role as a reformer whose contributions are often overlooked in mainstream historical narratives. Her legacy offers valuable insights into women’s leadership and the historical roots of gender-sensitive governance. By revisiting her initiatives, this paper contributes to ongoing discussions on social reform, education, and gender equality in India.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahima Soni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Female Agency and Class in Greek Mythology: Insights from Sarah B. Pomeroy’s Women in Classical Antiquity
Greek mythology serves as a reflection of ancient Greek societal structures, particularly in terms of gender and class. This paper examines the varied portrayals of mortal women, goddesses, and demigoddesses, drawing on Sarah B. Pomeroy’s Women in Classical Antiquity, as well as other scholarly sources, to explore how social hierarchies and gender-based privileges influence narratives, agency, and power dynamics. The analysis foregrounds three main arguments. First, divine beings such as Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite possess authority and agency that often transcend mortal limitations yet remain inextricably linked to patriarchal structures. Second, the paradoxes inherent in divine power- where figures like Athena are celebrated for their wisdom and martial prowess despite their familial ties to Zeusdemonstrate the intrinsic contradictions of gender and class privilege. Third, the status of demigoddesses, exemplified by figures such as Helen of Troy and Ariadne, highlights the ambiguous nature of hybridity, revealing both enhanced agency and reinforced marginality. These frameworks are applied to the examination of mortal women characters, such as Penelope and Clytemnestra, whose roles have been shaped by class, social expectations, and a rigidly prescribed gender order. Through an integrated gender studies perspective, the paper sheds light on the dynamic interplay between divine power and the constraints of gender-based hierarchy in the classical world.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prerana Sana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Caste and Crime in India: The Influence of Social Hierarchy on Justice
This paper explores the role of caste in shaping the Indian criminal justice system, focusing on how social hierarchies continue to influence legal processes and outcomes. Caste-based discrimination is still present within law enforcement and judicial procedures and sentencing, often affecting Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs)- despite constitutional guarantees of equality. Based on historical and contemporary evidence, the study illustrates how caste prejudices persist, which leads to systemic inequalities and unequal treatment of marginalized communities within the justice system. The paper critically examines existing legal frameworks, such as anti-discrimination laws, and identifies gaps in enforcement that perpetuate caste-based injustices. The research draws attention to the social and psychological burden that caste-based discrimination puts on those participating in the criminal justice process, especially those of lower castes. In addressing these issues, the paper proposes practical reforms to dismantle caste-based discrimination within the criminal justice system. These would include caste sensitivity training for police and judges, strengthening legal protection against caste discrimination, and improved access to justice for marginalized communities. Ultimately, it aims to ensure that individuals of all castes receive equal and fair treatment within the Indian criminal justice system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Navin Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Queer Lineages, Colonial Shadows: Trans Autobiography and the Revival of Gender Plurality in India
This paper examines the transformative power of transgender autobiographical narratives in contemporary India, positioning them as crucial interventions in the struggle for recognition, dignity, and systemic change, and centres on the life writings of A. Revathi (The Truth About Me), Living Smile Vidya (I Am Vidya), and Laxmi Narayan Tripathi (Me Hijra, Me Laxmi), the subjects of this study, which explores how these texts function not merely as personal accounts but as political acts that challenge entrenched hierarchies of caste, gender, and sexuality. By drawing on Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity and Michel Foucault’s concept of biopower, the research analyses how these narratives subvert normative frameworks and re-signify the meaning of gender identity in the Indian context. This research was conducted to interrogate the colonial and postcolonial erasure of non-normative identities and to demonstrate how trans autobiographies serve as counter-narratives to dominant discourses. The colonial imposition of Section 377 and Victorian moral codes pathologized queer existence, embedding heteronormativity into India's legal and cultural institutions. Although legal victories, such as the NALSA judgment (2014) and the decriminalisation of Section 377 (2018), mark significant progress, they remain insufficient without a concurrent cultural reckoning. This study therefore emphasizes the need to read autobiographical acts as modes of resistance that transcend juridical frameworks. Ultimately, these narratives articulate what Gayatri Spivak calls subaltern speech, not from the margins seeking entry but from a space of epistemic authority. They reimagine the boundaries of kinship, nationhood, and citizenship, offering a new cartography of belonging rooted in lived experience and cultural hybridity. In doing so, they resist the forces of erasure and enact a future already being written by queer lives at the intersections of caste, gender, class, and faith. These autobiographies are not just stories of survival; they are blueprints for a radically inclusive and decolonized social imagination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Pallabi Baruah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of Online Gaming on Adolescent through the Lens of G. Stanley Hall's "Storm and Stress"
This study examines the impact of online gaming on adolescent development through G. Stanley Hall's "storm and stress" framework, highlighting emotional turbulence, risk-taking behaviours, and identity confusion among youth. Adolescence, as described by Hall, is marked by heightened emotional sensitivity, impulsivity, and identity struggles, traits that contemporary online gaming environments significantly amplify. Analysis of detailed case studies involving individuals aged 13 to 28 demonstrates that excessive gaming can provoke emotional extremes, notably "gamer rage," triggered by immediate factors like in-game failures and broader contextual stressors, including parental restrictions and daily life frustrations. This emotional turbulence often manifests as irritability, aggression, and strained family relationships, intensified by the immersive and competitive nature of gaming. The rapid reward systems embedded in online games reinforce adolescent impulsivity, leading to increased experimentation and risky behaviours both virtually and in real life, such as academic neglect and susceptibility to peer-driven behaviours, including substance use. The study also identifies the complex dynamics of identity formation as adolescents navigate multiple virtual personas and social hierarchies online, thereby complicating their real-world self-concept. While temporarily boosting self-esteem, virtual achievements can dangerously blur distinctions between digital validation and genuine personal worth. To mitigate these risks, the research emphasises the need for collaborative strategies that involve families, educational institutions, policymakers, and mental health professionals. Effective interventions should cultivate adolescents’ selfregulation, balanced gaming habits, and clear boundary-setting to enhance emotional resilience, responsible decision-making, and stable identity formation. Recognising gaming's potential as a developmental risk and a constructive exploration tool is essential for fostering healthier adolescent development.
Copyright (c) 2025 B Chibby Muthu, Archana Hajong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Criminological Study of the Impact of Domestic Violence on Child Abuse
There is a close relationship between domestic violence and child abuse. Although many children are victims of domestic violence, very few of them are reported to legal institutions. The main reason for this is that the abuser is a family member. However, the harm caused to children by domestic violence cannot be underestimated. This study was conducted on children in Sri Lanka who are victims of domestic violence, and specifically studied the factors that affect the victimisation of domestic violence and the effects it has on children. The economic and social status of the families of children who are victims of domestic violence was also discussed. A sample of 40 children who were victims of domestic violence was used for the study. Accordingly, the main objective of conducting this research is to study the factors that affect the victimisation of children in the family and the abuse situations that children face. Accordingly, the % of direct problems with the child alone is 47%. 53% of children have experienced violence due to disputes between their parents. It was also revealed that 90% of the siblings of the children who have been victims of violence have also been subjected to violence. Parents in the 26-33 and 34-40 age groups are primarily involved in domestic violence. Accordingly, this study revealed that in families with young and underage parents in this country, family disputes are more common, and children are primarily affected. The father's drug use, the family's economic problems, the low education of the parents, poor interpersonal relationships between the parents, living in a single-parent family, and various weaknesses of the children are the main factors that affect domestic violence against children.
Copyright (c) 2025 Udayakumara Amarasinghe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Strategic Convergence in the Arabian Gulf: Evaluating India-UAE Partnership Post 2014
India’s foreign policy towards West Asia has evolved significantly, expanding beyond traditional concerns of energy dependence. Since 2014, under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, there has been a marked emphasis on counterterrorism, defence cooperation, trade diversification, regional security, and the fostering of stronger diplomatic ties. This paper highlights Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s diplomatic achievements in the Gulf region, with a particular focus on the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Following independence, the Gulf states have emerged as key trade and energy partners for India. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, a transformative “Look West” policy has deepened economic, strategic, and cultural engagements with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, particularly with the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Initiatives such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), digital financial integration, and the Local Currency Settlement (LCS) system underscore the shift toward more comprehensive cooperation. The article further explores India’s strategic partnership with the UAE, characterised by robust trade, investment commitments, energy security, and diaspora engagement. Cultural diplomacy, epitomized by the inauguration of the BAPS Hindu Temple in Abu Dhabi, also highlights the strengthening of bilateral ties. This study also examines how Modi’s leadership has enhanced bilateral relations, promoting mutual growth and solidifying India’s position amid regional challenges and opportunities in the Arabian Gulf.
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Shahnawaz, Rayees Yousuf Mir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Complete Examination and Use of AI Techniques for Investigating Virtual Entertainment Organization Publicizing
The vast number of users on social networking sites makes it an integral part of advertisement strategies. The rise of social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp as a vehicle for marketing communication has significantly increased the level of popularity they already enjoy among the general public, accounting for a substantial percentage of human activities within and across these social networking platforms on the Web. With some credibility, Face book itself promotes it as a potentially ideal marketing strategy. This brief chronicle recounts how it enables advertising businesses to access and target communication towards anyone's wall, post, and profile for advertising purposes. Remarkable communication, as instructed in the tube explored herein, has led us to find that no page has been created in any product solely because of an advertisement on a user's wall, nor does any resolution depend on Facebook in any other matter of concern. Nevertheless, Facebook stands out significantly in facilitating communication among user groups. Using experimental approaches with neural networks and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for social networking advertisements would be a valuable contribution of this paper. The research examines and compares these two methods, determining their accuracy, precision, and recall.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. G. Ravi Kumar, Dr. G. Thippanna, Dr. K. Nagamani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Techniques of Speech Manipulation in Tourism Advertising Texts
In the fiercely competitive advertising world, particularly in the tourism industry, persuasive manipulation techniques are being increasingly used to engage consumers and influence their decisions. This paper examines various linguistic strategies employed in advertising texts, highlighting their role in shaping perceptions and creating a favourable impression. Essential techniques encompass euphemization, which involves substituting negative terms with neutral alternatives to foster a positive perception among consumers; the substitution of concepts, which connects familiar positive or negative ideas with products or services to elicit targeted emotional responses; and veiled comparisons, where advertisers skillfully position their offerings in a favorable light against competing objects or experiences. The text also explores the concept of rethinking, where well-known facts are recontextualised to construct a favourable narrative, alongside implanted evaluations that ascribe appealing qualities to products or services without scrutiny. The article delves into the art of speech linking, a subtle technique that fosters agreement by incorporating temporal phrases. It also explores implicatures, where underlying messages imply affordability and enjoyment without being directly stated. Additionally, rhetorical questions further engage potential clients. Employing these strategies, advertisers formulate messages that capture prospective clients' attention and foster a sense of independent decision-making, ultimately enhancing their appeal and the effectiveness of their campaigns. Overall, the analysis reveals how these manipulative strategies shape consumer pe
Copyright (c) 2025 Velichko Marina Aleksandrovna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0