Development of Novel Nitrogen-Heterocyclic Scaffolds: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities
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Abstract
Nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds are one of the greatest classes of organic molecules because they are common in natural products and also because of their extensive application in medicine and medicinal chemistry. The current research paper aims to present a conceptual synthesis, characterisation, and biological assessment of the selected nitrogen heterocyclic analogues, with a view to testing their therapeutic potential. The conventional and optimised synthetic protocols were used to produce a series of heterocyclic structures containing nitrogen atoms with high yields and structural diversity. The products of the synthesis were purified, and their structures were identified using conventional analysis and spectroscopic methods, including melting-point determination, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The proposed structures were confirmed. To assess the relevance of the heterocyclic compounds synthesised biologically, a biological assessment was conducted. To assess their antibacterial and antioxidant potential, in vitro screening was conducted using established assay procedures against known bacterial and fungal isolates and a free-radical-scavenging model. The obtained results showed that some of the compounds exhibited moderate to high biological activity, which is attributed to the preponderance of donor and withdrawing substituents in the heterocyclic ring system. The structure-activity relationship analysis showed that changes in ring substitution and functional groups have a considerable impact on the biological efficacy. Overall, the article emphasises the relevance of heterocycles containing nitrogen as prospective scaffolds for the development of novel bioactive molecules. The results provide meaningful information on the correlation between chemical structure and biological activity. They can serve as a basis for further enhancement and optimisation of new heterocyclic compounds with improved therapeutic effectiveness.
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